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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does C.E. mean?
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common era
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What 3 things happened in 476 C.E.?
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1. Rome fell
2. Church became powerful 3. Church sent out missionaries to establish churches |
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From what to what did Charlemagne rule?
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800 - 814
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How did Charlemagne keep power?
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1. assigning land to people
2. Educating his people |
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What were the categories of Charlemagne's education and what consisted in those categories?
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1. Trivium
grammar/logic/rhetoric (public speaking) 2. Quadrivium astronomy/geometry/arithmetic/music |
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Why was music in the mathematical category?
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because back then music was perceived scientifically because of tones, pitches, etc.
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Who was educated?
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mostly those who were associated w/ the church
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What were the 4 types of chants and where did they originate?
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1. Gregorian - Rome
2. Ambrosian - Milan (Italy) 3. Gallican - modern day France 4. Mazarabic - Iberian Peninsula (includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra and Gibraltar) |
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Why did Gregorian chant survive?
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because Charlemagne promoted it
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Who is said to have invented Gregorian chant and during what time periods?
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Pope Gregory
(590 - 604) |
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What was so great about chanting?
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It was all done by memory.
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What is the Divine Office?
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derived from the Latin word, officium meaning "duty" and is a series of eight services performed each day and night used mainly by nuns and monks
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What was the schedule of the Divine Office?
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Matins (before sunrise)
Lauds (dawn) Prime (6 am) Terce (9 am) Sext (noon) None (3 pm) Vespers (sunset) Compline (before bed) |
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What did the monks/nuns do in between services?
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they did various duties (gardening, etc.)
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What is the difference between ordinaries and propers?
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The ordinary never changed and took place in every celebration of Mass. The propers were specific to particular Sundays or feast days.
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What were the ordinaries?
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Kyrie elision "Lord have mercy"
Gloria Credo "creed" Sanctus "holy" Agnus dei "lamb of god" (Ite missa est) |
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What makes chants what they are?
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1. recitation tone
2. narrow pitch range 3. text underlay |
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What is a recitation tone?
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A recitation tone is a repeated musical pitch around which the other pitches of the chant are attracted by; its purpose was to deliver text.
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What are the types of text underlay?
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1. Syllabic - 1/1 note
2. Neumatic - 1/2-3 notes 3. Melismatic - 1/4+ notes |
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What is an Authentic mode and a Plagal mode?
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An authentic mode is a medieval mode having a range from its final tone to the octave above it. (It only goes above the "finalis".)
A Plagal mode is a medieval mode having a range from the fourth below to the fifth above its final tone. (It surrounds the "finalis". The range changes.) |
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What are the modes for Authentic?
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Dorian (D) [white keys only starting on "D"]
Phrygian (E) Lydian (F) Mixolydian (G) |
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What is the formula for a Dorian mode?
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Whole Step - Half Step - Whole Step - Whole Step - Whole Step - Half Step - Whole Step
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What is the formula for a Phrygian mode?
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H-W-W-W-H-W-W
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What is the formula for a Lydian mode?
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W-W-W-H-W-W-H
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What is the formula for a Mixolydian mode?
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Whole Step - Whole Step - Half Step - Whole Step - Whole Step - Half Step - Whole Step
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What is the finalis?
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The finalis is the homebase, the note where it "feels right" to come back to.
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What is the ambitus?
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The ambitus is the range, or the distance between the highest and lowest note, of a chant.
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What is a gamut?
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A gamut is an array of pitches broken down into 3 hexachord forms. It's purpose is to give notes pitches and as a learning tool for teaching chants.
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What are the 3 forms of hexachords?
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natural, hard, soft
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How do you determine a natural hexachord?
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In the natural hexachord, which started on C, mi is E and fa is F.
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How do you determine a hard hexachord?
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In the hard hexachord, which started on G, mi is B (B{natural}) and fa is C.
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How do you determine a soft hexachord?
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In the soft hexachord, which started on F, mi is A, but fa cannot be B{natural}, for B{natural} is a whole tone, not a semitone, above A; fa is therefore B.
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What chant that was the mid evil version of "do re mi"?
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Ut queant laxis
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Who invented the Guidonian hand?
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Guido d'Arezzo
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When a melody goes outside the hexachord it is called what?
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a mutation
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What do you have to do if a mutation occurs?
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jump to another hexachord.... but 1 note above is okay. In that case, stay in the same hexachord.
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What and What are the only 1/2 steps in a hexachord?
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mi
fa |
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What is a solesmes and when did it originate?
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a smooth chant related to rhythm
19th century |
