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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celeste (CG)
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Bartok
Symphonic Suite |
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General William Booth Enters Into Heaven (CG)
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Ives
Song |
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Symphony Mathis der Maler (CG)
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Hindemith
Symphony |
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Alexander Nevsky (CG)
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Prokofiev
Cantata (film score) |
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Symphony No. 5 (CG)
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Shostakovich
Symphony |
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Hyperprism (CG)
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Edgar Varese
Work for winds, brass, and percussion |
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Appalachian Spring (CG)
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Copland
ballet suite |
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String Quartet 1931 (CG)
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Ruth Seeger
String Quartet |
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Afro-American Symphony (CG)
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William Grant Still
Symphony |
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Quartet for the End of Time (CG)
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Messiaen
Quartet for Violin, Clarinet, Violoncello, and Piano |
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Peter Grimes Act III (CG)
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Benjamin Britten
Opera |
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Sonatas and Interludes (CG)
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John Cage
Suite for prepared piano |
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Kreuzspiel (CG)
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Stockhausen
Chamber work for piano, oboe, bass clarinet and percussion |
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Sequenza III (CG)
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Berio
Solo for female voice |
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Black Angels (CG)
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George Crumb
Electric String quartet |
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Philomel (CG)
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Milton Babbitt
Monodrama for soprano, recorded soprano, and synthesized sound |
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Music for Prague (CG)
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Husa
Concert Band Suite |
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Symphony No. 1 (CG)
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Ellen Taffezwilich
Symphony |
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Rejoice! (CG)
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Sofia Gubaidulina
Sonata for Violin and Violoncello |
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Conservatory training
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Composers received training at a conservatory.
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Nonsystematic Atonality
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Unlike Schoenberg who had an actual system that competed with tonality, a lot of composers started experimenting with atonality and doing it more like improvisation.
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Futurism
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Pieces inspired by the late industrial age. Uses sounds like train sounds and factory sounds. It is like a new kind of program music, with interest in the exploration of timbre.
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Neoclassicism
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Using old styles with new techniques. Take something from the 18th century and combine it with something modern.
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Trends of the 1920s
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Conservatory Training
Nonsystematic Atonality Futurism Neoclassicism |
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Conservatory compositions
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Composers all get conservatory training. There is an obvious focus on technical craft.
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Eclecticism/quotation
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Quoting older pieces in modern works.
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The Great Beyond
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Extended techniques or new virtuosity; Different treatments of traditional instruments and the invention of new instruments (Electronic instrumental revolution/synthesizer)
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Total Serialism
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serialism turns into total serialism (organization of pitch and other things such as dynamics and rhythms). The application of the principles of the twelve tone method to musical parameters other than pitch such as intensity, duration, and timbres.
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Indeterminacy
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The composer leaves certain parts of the piece unspecified. (Ex: John Cage used graphic notation to indicate register rather than precise notation.)
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Trends Post 1945
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Conservatory Compositions
Eclecticism/quotation The Great Beyond Total Serialism Indeterminacy |
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Mathis der Maler
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Hindemith
Symphony The harmony is neotonal (establishes a single pitch as tonal center but doesn't follow the traditional rules of tonality) Arranged in phrases according to his theory of “harmonic fluctuation” in which relatively consonant chords move toward greater dissonance and then gradually or suddenly move back to consonance |
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Music for Strings, Percussion, Celeste
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a
a a a a a a a a a a Bartok Symphonic Suite A string orchestra with the battery in the center. Piano is written as a percussion instrument. folk influences – Uses rhythms common in Hungarian folk tunes and chromatic vocal ornaments of Serbo-Croatian folk songs. This piece is highly individual in style form and genre, but It is clearly related to the four movement symphony but differentiated from the symphony by its movement structure and prominent percussion and keyboard parts. |
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“Concord” Sonata
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Ives
Piano Sonata Uses bits of ragtime (interfaces with American popular music) Regal chord sound/huge sounds on instruments Programatic/impressionistic (Incorporates elements of baseball/hitting a home run in the music) |
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Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk
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Shostakovich
Opera The piece is ecclectic and has tragic and satiric elements. Angered audiences by discordant modernist music and surrealistic often Grotesque portrayal of violence and sex (Attacked by a newspaper calling it chaos instead of music.) Had a sex scene. Sex and violence were taboo in the 1930s |
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West Side Story
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Bernstein
Musical Contains many different styles of music (Latin, Classical, Jazz, etc.) Was the most symphonic musical; the orchestral writing was so complex, he extracted a symphonic dances. |
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Quatuor por le fin de temps
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a a a a Messiaen Quartet for clarinet, violin, piano, cello Very free, almost unmeasured passages which simulates eternity astonishing variety of textures Duration pattern repeats every 17 chords; pattern of 29 chords overlapping a rhythmic pattern of 17 rhythmic values |
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Threnody for the Victims of Hiroshima:
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-composer: Pendericki
-genre: tone poem for string orchestra -style traits: 1. score gives few pulses/note values and measures time by seconds; graphic notation 2. each performer is required to use unusual performance techniques and notation (4-6 players enter at time on highest note and rapidly repeats series of sound effects like bowing behind bridge, bowing/plucking highest note, etc.) 3. distinctive timbres help to divide piece into 5 large sections |
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Sequenzas:
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-composer: Berio
-genre: solo for female voice -style traits: 1. graphic notation, used to convey vocal sounds from singing to humming, whispering, muttering, coughing, clicking the tongue, etc. à out of these sounds come vowels, consonants, occasionally words and phrases (all heard as sounds rather than carriers of meaning) 2. treats voice as instrument and places vowels and syllables in sequence based on phonetic alphabet (high/far forward when pronouncing) 3. solo voice is theatrical and musical; performer has leeway for dramatization |
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Sonatas and Interludes for Prepared Piano:
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a a composer: John Cage -genre: suite for prepared piano -style traits: 1. each movement explores different set of timbres and figurations (uses 45 preparation throughout work) 2. 13 of the 16 sonatas use simple binary form (comparison to Scarlatti keyboard sonatas); aside from forms based on repetition, each movement uses type of structure based on duration that Cage derived for percussion pieces square root form (features same number of units as there are measures in a unit) |
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4'33”
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John Cage
3 movements each marked tacet in order for the audience to hear sounds of the environment around them Implies that silence is simply openness to ambient sounds |
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Philomel
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Babbit
monodrama for soprano, recorded soprano, and synthesized sound Highly complex; interface with voice and machine (Sprechstimme) explores the human and the non human combines live performance with prerecorded tape and synthesized sounds melody is extremely disjunct with leaps of major sevenths, 9ths, and 11ths |
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Einstein on the Beach
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Phillip Glass
Opera Avoids narrative has no sung text other than solfege syllables music consists mostly of repeated figures; mostly arpeggiated triads Orchestra is made up of Electronic keyboard instruments, woodwinds, and solo violin |
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“Howdy” Symphony
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P.D.Q. Bach
Symphony First movement uses contrast of style to delineate form Styles range from classic to Vaudeville, big band jazz and modernist dissonance Witty incongruences and surprises typical of haydn become burlesque Response to Haydn's Farewell symphony |
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Rejoice!
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Sofia Gubaidulina
Sonata for Violin and violoncello A study in chromaticism, glissandos, tremolos, and harmonics reflects her interests in spirituality movements inspired by 18ths century devotional texts and expresses transcendence from ordinary reality to a state of joy and relies on the passage from a fundamental note to its harmonics to depict a spiritual journey |
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Scott Joplin
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Ragtime composer and performer best known for his piano rags.
His writing usually contains 8 bar phrases, chromaticism, and syncopation with hints of polymeter (2/4 in left hand; polymeter in right hand) Starts to make a crossover when he makes his ragtime pieces into character pieces He was a popular composer who dared to become a classical sheet music composer He starts educating himself in harmony, form and orchestration Wants to write an opera so he creates a ragtime opera called Treemonisha (uncompleted at time of death) |
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George Gershwin
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roots are in musical theatre and song composition
Rhapsody in Blue begins to open the door for him to become a composer but he did not orchestrate it himself so he wrote and orchestrated the Piano Concerto in F. His biggest project is the opera Porgy and Bess. Unusual opera that is heavily influenced by popular trends |
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Charles Ives
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a a a a a a a He was the first great experimentalist His music has different layers (standard 19th century tonal composition, hymns, popular songs, band music) Dabbles with the whole tone scale and atonality and experiments with rhythm His orchestral works are programatic, impressionistic and pull away from standard meter |
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Aaron Copland
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Wants a mainstream sound for American music
In the 1920s he is strongly influenced by jazz, Schoenberg and Stravinsky. His music at this time is quite dissonant First major work was Piano Variations which contains extreme ranges, polymeter, and free use of 20th century dissonances In the 1930s he thinks of music as art for the people. He believed the job of the composer was to meet the audience half way. He took steps to make music accessible to a broad new audience. He returns to the musical language of the 19th century and writes program music, ballet music and soundtracks He created the sound of the American West (Ex: Billy the Kid) Fanfare for the Common Man Instrumental Lyricism (hard to sing) has tonal intervals but not a tonal chord progression |
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William Grant Still
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First to write an Afro-American symphony
He wants to bring blues to the symphony Introduces non traditional instruments to the orchestra like the banjo and saxophone Does a lot with the orchestra to remind us of vocal blues His Afro American Symphony contains native american motives and each movement is a different mood of the blues |
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New Timbres and effects from traditional instruments and voices after 1945
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a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a Edgar Varese wrote Poem Electronique which was a landmark electronic piece. It is recorded in a studio and it is performed by coming out of an array of speakers. Stockhausen wrote music concrete which deals with prerecorded sounds with magnetic/electronic tape technology. John Cage wrote a lot of pieces using prepared piano. This is where you put objects in the piano to affect the sound of each string. Sonatas and Interludes for Prepared Piano, sounds like electronic music but it is an acoustic piano that has been altered. George Crumb uses extended techniques for voice and instruments like prepared piano and a wide variety of bowings and sounds made by the human voice George Crumb used electronic string quartet in his piece Black Angles. Players sometimes whistle or speak. Berio wrote Sequenza III using graphic notation to convey vocal sounds from singing to humming, whispering, muttering, coughing, clicking the tongue, etc Babbit wrote Philomel mixing live |