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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Dependent Variable
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A variable whose value depends on another
The variable you are testing |
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Independent Variable
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Variable the experimenter manipulates.
Variable that affects the DV |
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Continuous Variable
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A variable of which any value is possible
ie. not choose from a list |
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Categorical Variable
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Variable that place people into categories.
Not quantifiable ie. hair color or gender |
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Random Assignment
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Sorting test subjects into groups randomly
Random digit table |
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Confound
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An extraneous variable that alters the results of an experiment
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Order Effects
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The effect of the order of stimuli in an experiment to the subject.
Reason for block studies/randomization. Combats learning and fatigue |
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Between Subjects Design
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Using two (or more) different groups to test the dependent variable
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Within Subjects Design
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Using the same group with different trials to test the DV.
The control group does another trial as the experimental group. |
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Normal Distribution
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A function that represents the distribution of many random variables as a symmetrical bell-shaped graph.
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Bimodal Distribution
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A combination of two normal distributions that share a common variance
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Correlation Coefficient (r)
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Value between 0 and 1 that shows how closely two variables are related
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n
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the number of subjects in a study
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Null Hypothesis
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Your hypothesis stated in the negative
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p<.05
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Probability that your results are due to chance
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t-test
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assesses whether the means of two groups are statistically different from each other. n<50
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Ecological Validity
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Experimental stimuli that approximate real-world conditions
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Absolute Pitch
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The ability to recognize the pitch of a note or produce any given note
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Two-Component Model of AP
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Pitch memory and pitch labeling
PM - ability to produce a pitch from memory PL - ability to name a given pitch |
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Critical Period
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a period during someone's development in which a particular skill or characteristic is believed to be most readily acquired
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Adaptation
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A change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment.
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Exaptation
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Something that had an adaptive function in evolution that is being used for something new.
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Sexual Selection
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Natural selection arising through preference by one sex for certain characteristics in individuals of the other sex
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Natural Selection
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Organisms that are better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring
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Theory of Mind
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The ability to attribute mental states such as beliefs, desires, emotions, and knowledge to oneself and others and to recognize that others have mental states that are different from ones own.
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Homologous Trait
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Having the same location and evolutionary origin, but a different function
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Particulate Principle
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A property of complex systems whereby simple elements are combined to create complex structures.
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Auditory Cheesecake
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Nice and enjoyable, but with no real purpose.
What Pinker called music. |
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Auditory Scene Analysis
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the process by which the human auditory system organizes sound into perceptually meaningful elements.
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Gestalt Principles
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Looking for patterns within the whole
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Cochlea
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The spiral cavity of the inner ear containing the scala vestibuli, scala tympani, and scala media
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Basilar Membrane
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a main structural element that separates the scala media from the scala tympani and determines the mechanical wave propagation properties of the cochlear partition
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Stapes
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Small bone in the middle ear that transmits vibrations from the incus to the inner ear
AKA stirrup |
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JND
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Just noticeable difference
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Periodic Waves
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A repetitive wave
a musical wave |
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Fourier Analysis
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Breaking up a complex wave into smaller sine-wave components
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Frequency
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Cycles per second
Measured in Hz, perceived as pitch |
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Amplitude
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How high a wave goes
Perceived as loudness Measured in dB |
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Hz
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Cycles per second
Pitch |
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Decibels
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Loudness
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Sine Tone
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A pure periodic tone
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Complex Tones
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A sound wave produced by the combination of simple sinusoidal components of different frequencies.
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Fundamental Frequency
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The lowest frequency in a harmonic series
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Overtone Series
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The series of notes that are present above the fundamental frequency when any complex tone is played
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Equal Temperament
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The adjustment of intervals in tuning so as to fit the scale for use in different keys.
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Partials
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a component of a musical sound; for example, an overtone or harmonic.
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MEL Scale
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a perceptual scale of pitches judged by listeners to be equal in distance from one another.
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Shepard Tone
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A sound consisting of a superposition of sine waves separated by octaves.
Shepard scale=never-ending scale |
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Beats
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Destructive interference of two sound waves create high-frequency beats
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Sensory Dissonance
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The amount of beating between partials
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Musical Dissonance
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the quality of sounds which seems "unstable", and has an aural "need" to "resolve" to a "stable" consonance.
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Timbre
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the character or quality of a musical sound or voice as distinct from its pitch and intensity
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Interleaved Melody
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A melody that has other sounds layered into it
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Chroma
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Pitch class
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Tritone Paradox
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an auditory illusion in which a sequentially played pair of Shepard tones separated by an interval of a tritone, or half octave, is heard as ascending by some people and as descending by others
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