Mushrooms Prelim 1

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Spores

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microscopic fungi

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germ tube

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first short hyphae extending from a space

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fairy ring

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term used to describe mushrooms growing in a circle

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cell wall and simple morphology

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two fundamental differences between fungi and animals other than the fact that fungi reproduce by spores

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spores are wind disseminated, produce sexual spores on club shaped cells, and only produce after hyphae of two compatible mating types fuse

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three things that fruiting bodies ahve in common - artists conk and mushrooms

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Carl Linnaeus

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Person who developed current binomial naming system for living organisms (in Species Plantarum)

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Robert Whittaker

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Cornell person who proposed five-kingdom system of classification with plants, animals, and fungi all arising from the same kingdom

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extremophiles

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developed by Carl Woesse, these are the group of microbes classified by Woesse's molecular method

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because they couldn't get microbes to grow in culture and couldn't follow Linneaus' method

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why Woesse developed the new system

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Elias Fries

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"Grand Old Man of Mycology" who laid the groundwork for current mycological taxonomy with the publication of Systema Mycologicum

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CG Lloyd

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the buisnessman who gave Cornell mushroom land and belittled the practice of putting author's names at the end of the naming of fungi

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fungi cannot photosynthesize, complexity of cellular organization, fungi cell walls made of cytin and plant of cellulose, and sexual reproduction via union of two unlike gametes

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fundamental ways fungi differ from plants

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DNA sequences, especially ITS sequences

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Unlike mycologists of the past, fungal biologists of today rely almost exclusively on these features of a fungus to determine whether it is a new species

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Latin

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the rules of the "International Code of Binomial Nomenclature" state that the description of all fungi must be in

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Ribosomes

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DNA sequences that cells use to make these "protein factories" that are favorites for use in understanding cell makeup

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None

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what features can be used to create the Latin name of a new fungus after the new fungus has been described?

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low amount of input, high yield per area, grown out of sight, nutritious, and can store for a long time

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Before the blight, Irish peasants found potatoes to be an especially good crop for them to grow for these three reasons

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the vineyard owner wanted to protect them from theft (wanted to keep people from eating them)

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Professor Millardet noticed the fungicidal properties of copper sulfate when a vintner used the chemical for this other purpose

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the plant material must be alive; the fungi are known as "obligate biotrophs"

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rust fungi cannot grow on plant material unless it is in this condition

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monoculture, cull piles, total dependence on potatoes for food

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these three features of the potato culture in Ireland set the stage for catastrophe

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wheat rust can only reproduce sexually on barberry

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this is why barberry eradication is so important in managing wheat rust in North America

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MK Ultra

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CIA project to study LSD as a wartime agent was given this name

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the sexual stage is found, older name is discovered, originally misidentified, reclassified based on genetic code

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reasons why teh Latin name of a fungus might be changed

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environment, time, susceptible host, disease

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For factors of the disease pyramid

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both are eukaryotes, spore reproduction, both require fusion of compatible mating types with no obvious male/female gametes, both have cells with cytoplasmic streaming

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fundamental similarities between slime molds and true fungi

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stinkhorn

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one fungus that depends almost totally on insects for transmission to new food sources

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scletoria

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found in fields that were planted with wheat and rye last year

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hallucinations, convulsions, gangrene, prickling sensation

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three symptoms of ergot poisoning

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Albert Hoffman

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man who discovered LSD while working with ergot alkaloids

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Timothy Leary

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Harvard professor who was fired because his LSD research was embarrassing the university

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corn and potatoes

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two of the few agronomic crops grown in the US that are native to the western hemisphere

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dark pigment: melanin

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feature that protects fungal spores from the sun's damaging UV rays

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phototropism

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when fungus fruit bodies orient themselves toward the brightest light, this is what they are displaying:

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Saint Anthony

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the religious figure who is associate with nursing people plagued by ergotism

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prototaxites

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fossils that might be the remains of gigantic prehistoric fungi

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rice

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a fungus-caused leaf disease of this crop is said to have played a big role in the Bengal Famine of 1943

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UG 99 (wheat rust)

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potentially very serious plant disease looming on the US horizon (that is dispersed long distances by wind)

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induce labor, reduced post partum bleeding, relieve migraine headaches

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historical uses of ergot extracts for medicinal purposes that caused Albert Hoffman to be looking for other derivatives in 1942

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serotonin

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LSD seems to interfere with this normal chemical function of the brain

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spores picked up from African deserts are transported to the Caribbean and deposited in the water (causing a fungus disease of corals in those areas)

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Karen Wright's article "Blown Away" sites the decline of Caribbean Coral reefs as being caused by:

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safer to work with, hard to trace, can affect a larger area, readily available

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reasons to use plant pathogens as weapons for bioterrorism instead of human pathogens

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lost limbs

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things left at the altars to St. Anthony as a thank you by those cured of ergotism

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French word meaning "sperm"

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reason ergot has its name

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there is so much more of it in a cell (compared to other genes)

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reason to focus on ribosomal DNA

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slime molds, cellular slime molds, oomycota

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groups of microbes that were once thought to be fungi, but now are known to be more closely aligned with other microbes

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Anton DeBary

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the "Father of Plant Pathology" who identified the fungus that caused the Irish Potato Famine

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1845-46

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the years that the Irish potato famine occurred

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wave year (of infection)

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the term used to describe a time when all conditions for a plant disease are just right and the disease is far worse than normal

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sclerotium (sclerotia)

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term used to describe a mass of fungus hyphae covered with a rind of thick walled cells