Mtel Early Childhood

Front 1

Piaget

Back 1

Swiss psychologist remembered for his studies of cognitive development in children (1896-1980)

Front 2

schemas and features of

Back 2

Piaget. Psychological structures that present an organized way of making sense of experiences
Adaptation- building schemas through interaction with environment. Can adapt by:
Assimilation uses current schemas to understand the world
Accommodation creates new schemas or adjusts existing ones.
(Equilibrium=no change)
Organization takes place internally, children rearrange/change schematic structures to create interconnected cognitive system.

Front 3

Piaget stages of development

Back 3

1. sensorimotor (0-2 years)- infants think by interacting with the world through their senses
2. preoperational (2-7) - use symbols to represent their earlier sensorimotor discoveries. language, make-believe play
3. concrete observational (7-11) - reasoning becomes logical, non-abstract
4. formal operations (11 up) - sophisticated, hypothetical and abstract thinking

Front 4

Erikson

Back 4

Follower of Freud
Stages o Psychosocial Development; focuses on question of identity, emphasizes role of society in development and personality formation
-Infant (birth-1 year)= Trust v Mistrust
-Toddler (1-3) = Autonomy v Shame/Doubt
-Pre-school (3-6) = Initiative v Guilt
-School-age (6-12) = Industry v Inferiority
-Adolescent (12-19) = Identity v Role Confusion
- Intimacy v Isolation
- Generativity v Stagnation
- Ego Integrity v Despair

Front 5

Kohlburg

Back 5

Extension on Piaget's Theory,
Stages of Moral Development

Preconventional Level (up to age nine):
1. obedience/punishment (avoid punishment)
2. self-interest (whats in it for me?)

Conventional Level (age nine to adolescence):
Other Focused Morality
3. interpersonal accord/conformity (good boy)
4. authority/social order mainenance (societal laws)

Postconventional Level (adulthood):
Higher Focused Morality
5. social contract (laws/rules flexible, fluid)
6. universal ethical principles

Front 6

Bronfenbrenner

Back 6

Ecological Systems Theory: child develops within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment.
Co-founder of Head Start
Microsystem - family, classroom, neighborhood
Mesosystem - connections between 2+ social settings
Exosystem - important external social forces
Macrosystem - pervasive sociocultural systems

Front 7

Vygotsky

Back 7

Socialcultural Theory of Cognitive Development -
Cognitive development as a socially mediated process where adult support (called scaffolding) helps children master skills they can't do on their own.
1. Independent work
2. Zone of Proximal Development (ZDP)
3. Out of reach

Front 8

Howard Gardner

Back 8

Theory of Multiple Intelligences (MI) in his book Frames of Mind. Claimed that pencil and paper IQ tests do not capture the full range of human intelligences, and that we all have individual profiles of strengths and weaknesses across multiple intelligence dimensions.
- Linguistic; words, reading, writing
- Logical/mathematical; patterns, relationships, best taught through logic games, riddles, concepts first details later
- Bodily/kinesthetic; taught through physical activity, hands-on, acting
- Musical; taught with lyrics, rhythms
- Spatial/visual; taught through drawings, verbal imagery
- Interpersonal (the ability to understand others); learning through dialogue, discussion
- Intrapersonal (the ability to understand oneself); learning through independent study, introspection
- Naturalist (the ability to recognize fine distinctions and patterns in the natural world)

Front 9

Margaret Mahler

Back 9

Separation-Individuation Theory
1. Autistic phase 0-2mo, equilibrium with environment
2. Symbiotic phase 1-5mo, social smile, dim awareness of caretaker
3. Separation-Individuation phase 5-36mo
- differentiation from mother
- practicing locomotion
- reapproachment (awareness of physical separateness)
- object constancy (comfort at moms absence, knowledge she will return)

Front 10

Developmental Delay

Back 10

Term often used to encompass a variety of disabilities of infants or young children indicating that they are significantly behind the norm for development in one or more areas such as motor, cognitive, or language

Front 11

Dyslexia

Back 11

Learning disability characterized by substandard reading achievement due to the inability of the brain to process symbols; also known as a developmental reading disorder

Front 12

Dyscalculia

Back 12

Also known as developmental arithmetic disorder; a learning disability that involves difficulty in math computation.

Front 13

Dysgraphia

Back 13

Learning disability characterized by difficulties with writing, including trouble with spelling, handwriting, or expressing thoughts on paper

Front 14

Dyspraxia

Back 14

Inability to perform coordinated movements despite normal function of the central and peripheral nervous systems and muscles

Front 15

Executive Functioning

Back 15

Cognitive processes including planning, making decisions, implementing strategies, inhibiting inappropriate behaviors, and using working memory to process information

Front 16

Non-verbal learning disability

Back 16

People with this disability may misunderstand non-verbal communications, or understand the communications but be unable to formulate an appropriate response. Eye contact can also be difficult for people with NLD, either because they are uncomfortable with maintaining it or because they do not remember that others expect it. Knowing when and how to use physical contact and recognizing emotions in others and expressing them for oneself can be problematic.

Front 17

Aspberger Syndrome

Back 17

On the autistic spectrum: no language delay, IQ normal or above average, language skills above average, strange or eccentric social behavior, restricted interests

Front 18

Down Syndrome

Back 18

A human congenital disease resulting from having an extra 21st chromosome, characterized by mental retardation and heart and respiratory defects.

Front 19

Fragile X Syndrome

Back 19

abnormality of the x chromosome caused by a defective FMR-1 gene and associated with mild to severe mental retardation and other health problems

Front 20

Early Intervention

Back 20

Birth-3 years: child's needs, developmental goals for child, and services to be provided documented in Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP).

Front 21

Early Childhood Education

Back 21

3 to 5 years: child's needs, school readiness goals for child, and services to be provided documented in Individualized Education Plan (IEP).

Front 22

Special Education Services

Back 22

5 to 21 years: child's special educational needs, annual goals and objectives for child during school year, and services to be provided documented in Individualized Education Plan (IEP).

Front 23

Identification of Gifted Students

Back 23

general guidelines: student should have above-average ability, creativity, and task commitment.

Front 24

IFSP

Back 24

Individualized Family Service Plan: documents and guides the early intervention process for children with disabilities and their families. It contains information about the services necessary to facilitate a child's development and enhance the family's capacity to facilitate the child's development. Through the IFSP process, family members and service providers work as a team to plan, implement, and evaluate
services tailored to the family's unique concerns, priorities, and resources.

Front 25

IEP

Back 25

Individual Education Plan:
-statement of performance level
- educational needs
- goals
- measurable objectives
- annual review

Front 26

504 Plan

Back 26

A legal document falling under the provisions of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. It is designed to plan a program of instructional services to assist students with special needs who are in a regular education setting. Not an IEP, as is required for special education students, however, a student moving from a special education to a regular education placement could be placed under a 504 plan

Front 27

Developmental Continuum for Writing

Back 27

Exploration: Scribbles, marks on paper
Early Pre-Conventional: Drawing with details
Pre-Conventional: Drawing, random letters
Emergent: Pictures, letter/sound connection, attempts words, directionality
Developing: Meaning in text with words, spaces, sentences
Developing Discovery: Expanded statements, moving toward more development
Beginning: General topic developed w/ expanded list, simple sentences, some conventions
Novice: Specific topic with supporting details and expan- sions, simple organization
Bridging: Develops several ideas on surface of specific topic, some coherence and organization
Expanding: Explores topic with focus, beyond surface, control of some aspects of writer's craft
Independent: Developed focus, sufficiently adequate craft
Fluent: Expanded focus, purposeful crafting, moving toward complexity
Sophisticated: Insightful, expanded development with perspective, complexity, and significance, well-crafted

Front 28

Techniques for generating writing topics

Back 28

-Brainstorming
-Semantic Mapping
-Outlining
-Reading
-Research

Front 29

Cardinal Numbers

Back 29

A whole number that answers the question "How many?"

Front 30

Ordinal Numbers

Back 30

Numbers that describe position or order (1st, 2nd, 3rd)

Front 31

Nominal Numbers

Back 31

Numbers used for identification only (ex: sports jersey)

Front 32

Properties of Real Numbers

Back 32

Commutative
Associative
Identity
Inverse
Distributive

Front 33

Commutative Property

Back 33

In mult or add, the order of two numbers may be switched around and the answer is the same. Ex: a+b = b+a.

Front 34

Associative Property

Back 34

Changing the grouping of numbers in addition and multiplication will NOT change the value. Ex: (7 + 4) + 8 = 7 + (4 + 8)
2 x 2 (3y) = 3y(2 x 2)

Front 35

Distributive Property

Back 35

If a term is multiplied by addition terms in parenthesis, we need to "distribute" the multiplication over all the terms inside.
Ex: a(b + c) = ab + ac; ex: 4(3 + 8) = 4(3) + 4(8)

Front 36

Density Property

Back 36

There is always another real number that lies between any two real numbers.
Ex: between 5.61, 5.62 lies 5.611, 5.612, 5.613

Front 37

Identity Property

Back 37

Zero added to any number is the number itself. Zero is called the "additive identity."
Any number multiplied by 1 gives the number itself.
Number 1 is called the "multiplicative identity."

Front 38

Inverse Property

Back 38

The operation which undoes an operation/the opposite operation:
subtraction is the inverse of addition, addition is the inverse of subtraction etc.

Front 39

Base 10 Numbering System

Back 39

System that identifies place value. In the number 475, base ten refers to the position, the 5 is in the one's place, the 7 is in the ten's place and the 4 is in the hundred's place.

Front 40

Converting a decimal to a fraction

Back 40

To convert 0.75 to a fraction

1. Write down the decimal "over" the number 1
0.75 / 1
2. Multiply top and bottom by 10 for every number after the decimal point
0.75 × 100 / 1 × 100 = 75 / 100
3. Simplify the fraction
3 / 4

Front 41

Order of Operations

Back 41

PEMDAS:
parentheses, exponents, multiplication/division, addition/subtraction

Front 42

Area of a triangle

Back 42

A = ½ b × h

Front 43

Area of a circle

Back 43

A = π × r2

Front 44

Area of a trapezoid

Back 44

A = h(b1 + b2)/2
b1, b2 are the lengths of each base

Front 45

Area of a parallelogram

Back 45

b x h

Front 46

Perimeter of a circle

Back 46

P= 2πr or πd

Front 47

Properties of Triangles

Back 47

(1) sum of interior angles is 180°
(2) Triangle Inequality Theorem : The sum of the lengths of any 2 sides of a triangle must be greater than the third side
(3) The largest interior angle and side are opposite each other, and the same relationship occurrs between the smallest sized angle and side and the middle sized angle and side.

Front 48

Area of a Rectangular Solid

Back 48

L × W × H = A

Front 49

Area of a Cylinder

Back 49

A = π × r2 × h

Front 50

Area of a Sphere

Back 50

A = 4(π × r2)

Front 51

Volume of a Sphere

Back 51

V = 4/3(π × r3)

Front 52

Complimentary Angles

Back 52

Two angles that add up to 90 degrees

Front 53

Supplementary Angles

Back 53

Two angles whose sum is 180 degrees

Front 54

Opposite (Vertical) Angles

Back 54

The intersection of two lines (m1 and m3) form 4 angles. Opposite angles are equal (congruent).

Front 55

Alternate Angles

Back 55

Angles that lay outside the parallel lines and are on opposite sides of the transversal; They are congruent.

Front 56

Equilateral Triangle

Back 56

A triangle with 3 equal sides and all 3 angles equaling 60 degrees

Front 57

Isosceles Triangle

Back 57

A triangle with two equal sides and two equal angles.

Front 58

Scalene Triangle

Back 58

A triangle with no congruent sides or angles

Front 59

Types of Angles

Back 59

Acute Angles = 0 < x < 90
Right Angles = x = 90
Obtuse Angles = 90 < x < 180
Straight Angles = x = 180

Front 60

Similar Shapes

Back 60

Same shape but different size; corresponding sides are proportional

Front 61

Mass

Back 61

Mass = Density x Volume

Front 62

Farenheit to Celcius conversion

Back 62

ºF = ºC x 1.8000 + 32
ºC = .556 x (ºF - 32)

Front 63

Jamestown, VA

Back 63

1607, first English settlement, motived by economics, failed to prepare for winter months

Front 64

Pilgrims (Puritans in England)

Back 64

austere religious group landed in Plimouth in 1619

Front 65

Mayflower Compact

Back 65

agreement whereby all signatories would follow rules established by majority vote; first constitution ratified in colonies; symbol of democracy

Front 66

13 Original Colonies

Back 66

Virginia, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Maryland, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Delaware, North Carolina, South Carolina, Pennsylvania, Georgia

Front 67

French and Indian War (1754-1763)

Back 67

British had to contend with other European powers interested in American conquest; British fought French and their allies for control of N. Am.; Britain kept control

Front 68

Treaty of Paris 1763

Back 68

Ended French and Indian War; Britain's purse drained and colonists' sense of dependence on Britain decreased

Front 69

Salutary Neglect

Back 69

wartime policy whereby colonies operated relatively unsupervised while Britain was fighting war

Front 70

Stamp Act of 1765

Back 70

imposed tax on documents to help support cost of British troops; protested by colonists; repealed (gave confidence and desire for self-rule)

Front 71

Townshend Act

Back 71

"Indirect" taxes imposed on colonists (taxes on imports); opposition widespread; boycotts of goods and protests organized

Front 72

Boston Massacre

Back 72

1770; colonists fired upon; created martyrs (including Crispus Attucks)

Front 73

Boston Tea Party

Back 73

1773; colonists threw imported tea overboard in Boston Harbor; symbolic and incendiary act

Front 74

Coercive Acts (a.k.a. Intolerable Acts to patriots)

Back 74

imposed by British; closed harbor until tea had been paid for, increased power of royal officials in MA and allowed for quartering of British troops anywhere

Front 75

First Continental Congress

Back 75

1774; called for repeal of Intolerable Acts and gathering of local militias

Front 76

First Battle of Revolution

Back 76

April 1775; Lexington/Concord

Front 77

Second Continental Congress

Back 77

1775; American independence declared, Declaration of Independence adopted 1776

Front 78

Declaration of Independence

Back 78

"when in the course of human events....we hold these truths to be self-evident..."; largely attributed to the work of Thomas Jefferson; based on John Locke's philosophy that govt inherits powers from the people

Front 79

Constitution

Back 79

Written in 1777 but allowed too much freedom for states. Rewritten and ratified after 1787

Front 80

Shay's Rebellion

Back 80

1786; poor farmers revolted against existing conditions in w. MA

Front 81

Federalist Papers

Back 81

written to support for Constitution in colonies by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay

Front 82

Bill of Rights

Back 82

1791; enumerated the rights of citizens; appended to Constitution

Front 83

Louisiana Purchase

Back 83

1803 - purchased Louisiana Territory from France; ambitious agenda of territorial expansion; guaranteed uninhibited exploration beyond Mississippi River

Front 84

Lewis and Clark

Back 84

Set off in 1804; govt-funded expedition of new territory in name of scientific and geographic research

Front 85

War of 1812

Back 85

Conflict with the British; caused by: desire for northwest expansion, impressment of sailors by Navy, British support of Am. Indian tribes, etc. D.C. burned by British.

Front 86

Treaty of Ghent

Back 86

Ended War of 1812; restored relations between two nations

Front 87

Monroe Doctrine

Back 87

1823; James Monroe issued; asserted that new nation's dominance in Western Hemisphere and instructed European nations to cease their interference on American continents

Front 88

Manifest Destiny

Back 88

19th century belief; divine justification for moving westward into new lands; focus on expanding boundaries for sake of economy and clout of the nation

Front 89

Missouri Compromise of 1820

Back 89

agreement passed to regulate slavery in new states; Missouri accepted as slave state, Maine as free; drew imaginary line dividing Louisiana Territory into two, free above, slavery below

Front 90

Compromise of 1850

Back 90

law allowed new territories to decide matter of slavery themselves

Front 91

Civil War Origins

Back 91

Pro vs. Anti Slavery in new territories; southern concern for inevitability of Northern control; Fugitive Slave Act; Dred Scott Case; etc. 1861: 11 southern states seceded

Front 92

Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

Back 92

Required citizens to capture and return escaped slaves under penalty of fine; outraged abolitionists

Front 93

Dred Scott Case of 1857

Back 93

Supreme Court ruled that slaves who resided temporarily in free states were still slaves, and Congress did not have authority to exclude slavery from a territory; can only be free citizen through birth or naturalization

Front 94

Battle of Gettysburg 1863

Back 94

Confederate Army sustained crippling loss of manpower

Front 95

Emancipation Proclamation (1863)

Back 95

issued by Lincoln; declared all slaves residing with Confederacy would be free; after this African American soldiers free to enlist

Front 96

Grant and Sherman

Back 96

Union generals

Front 97

Lee

Back 97

Confederate general; surrendered at Appomattox in 1865

Front 98

Reconstruction

Back 98

1865-77; Johnson carried out Lincoln's plans after assassination; aimed at re-invigorating economy of country as a whole, improving plight of former slaves, reorganize southern states

Front 99

Industrialization

Back 99

by 1900, 200,000 miles of railroad track; increased trade and supported growing economy; factory jobs increase

Front 100

U.S in WWI (in five phrases of less)

Back 100

WW1 breaks out in 1914; Americans favor neutrality until brutal U-boat attacks; Wilson lobbies to enter war; 3 million US troops deployed (1917); War ends 1918

Front 101

Great Depression

Back 101

Stock Market Crash of 10/29/1929. By 1932, 24% of Americans unemployed.

Front 102

New Deal

Back 102

Franklin Roosevelt enacted these reforms including agricultural and business regulation, public works projects, farm relief, establishment of Social Security system

Front 103

Pearl Harbor

Back 103

December 7, 1941 -- after Pres. Roosevelt led U.S. into war (before -- isolationism)

Front 104

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Back 104

August 6, 1945 - atomic bomb dropped first, Japan refuses to surrender, second atomic bomb dropped. Japan surrenders.

Front 105

Domino Theory

Back 105

if one country in a region falls to communism, neighbors will as well; justified Vietnam War

Front 106

CONSTITUTION

Back 106

"we the people..."; highest law in U.S.; framework for government; 27 amendments so far (?); written in 1787; establishes system of checks and balances between three branches of govt.

Front 107

BILL OF RIGHTS

Back 107

First 10 amendments to Constitution; 1791; free speech, right to bear arms, protection from quartering, due process, protection from unreasonable search and seizure; trial by jury; etc.

Front 108

"the rule of law"

Back 108

no individual, organization, or govt body is above the law; our duty to follow and understand the law

Front 109

Process of Creating a Law

Back 109

representatives writes and introduces a bill; goes to a House of Rep committee and discussed/edited; debated and voted on in House; same thing then done in Senate. Committee blends House and Senate law and both have to approve final version. Then goes to president to be signed into law. Pres can sign, veto or ignore. If ignored and Congress is in session, after 10 days it becomes a law.

Front 110

Massachusetts Constitution

Back 110

Ratified in 1780. Oldest functioning constitution in the world. Protects rights of individual citizens and principles of federalism and popular sovereignty. Cities and Towns responsible for most govt. services.

Front 111

Mayors and City Councils in MA

Back 111

govern the cities, but towns are usually government by selectmen.

Front 112

Board of Selectmen in MA

Back 112

Usually elected for one- or two-year term.

Front 113

Town Meeting in MA

Back 113

tradition from Colonial times, still held regularly, allows direct participation in democratic process

Front 114

Capitalist System

Back 114

encourages innovation, competition, and an entrepreneurial spirit with aim of increased productivity and profit

Front 115

Israel

Back 115

great contribution is monotheism; area colonized (?) by Great Britain; modern state of Israel declared in 1948

Front 116

Ancient Greece

Back 116

lasting influence in science, philosophy, politics, games, literature, etc.; elements of democracy developed there; Draco - law belongs to all citizens; first democracy founded in Athens in approx. 500 BCE

Front 117

Ancient Rome

Back 117

conquered Greek dynasty; became regional power; conquered much of "known world"; Caesar - military conqueror and established calendar system; peace led to flourishing of arts and higher learning; began declining in third century

Front 118

Pax Romana

Back 118

First and second centuries CE - no major wars or internal conflicts; development of architecture, extensive road system, postal system; Roman law - fairness and constancy

Front 119

Middle Ages (a.k.a. Dark Ages)

Back 119

Post-Roman empire; church and feudal system exert power; political instability; Crusades - Christians vs. Muslims; Plague in 14th century

Front 120

Feudal system

Back 120

Nobles ruled over serfs (peasants); Serfs worked the land; Less powerful nobles (vassals) swore loyalty to powerful nobles, provided military protection

Front 121

Renaissance

Back 121

beginning of modern era - 1450; began in Italy; flourishing of arts and creativity; printing press in mid-15th century; Shakespeare; 14th-17th century

Front 122

Renaissance HUMANISM

Back 122

humanists would study ancient texts in the original, and appraise them through a combination of reasoning and empirical evidence

Front 123

Reformation

Back 123

Occurred during Renaissance: challenged dominance of Roman Catholic church/papal authority; Luther - 95 Theses in 1517; Humanism/Renaissance played direct role in sparking Reformation

Front 124

Enlightenment

Back 124

18th century (post-Renaissance); reason advocated as source of legitimacy and authority; question tradition; Locke - rights of natural people; Voltaire - supporter of social reform, human rights

Front 125

French Revolution 1789 - 1804

Back 125

Before - individual citizens' rights didn't exist; king/nobles/clergy in charge; rich vs. poor - HUGE separation; only poor taxed; France in trouble financially; people starving; Enlightenment ideals inspired revolutionaries; stormed the Bastille (symbol of nobility); absolutely monarchy soon gone; revolutionaries fought amongst themselves and executed many (Reign of Terror); war declared on France by other European nations; ended with Napoleon declaring himself Emperor of France

Front 126

Estates-General

Back 126

name of assembly of leaders of three estates -- nobility, clergy, commoners; met in May 1789 - to draft new tax policy; Third Estate (commoners) decided to declare itself the National Assembly and planned to create new constitution

Front 127

French Rev. vs. Amer. Rev.

Back 127

American Revolution officially began with a document, the Declaration of Independence; French Revolution officially began with an action, the Storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789. The most obvious difference was that the American Revolution resulted in the newly independent United States, whereas the French Revolution overthrew its own government. However, the French people were greatly impressed with the ideals of freedom and democracy sought by the new United States, and these greatly influenced their thinking.

Front 128

Industrial Revolution - 18th to 19th century

Back 128

began in Great Britain; major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions of the times (wiki); intro of steam power

Front 129

World War I causes

Back 129

competition over resources in overseas colonies; Austria-Hungary vs. Serbia; Ferdinand assassination in 1914; other countries chose sides - Axis vs. Allies; began in 1914; Wilson tried to stay out; then sinking of Lusitania (128 U.S. died); Germany tried to get Mexico to join war and reclaim land from U.S.; U.S. joined in 1917; draft - 3 million people; ended in 1918

Front 130

Treaty of Versailles

Back 130

$33 billion in reparations from Germany to Allies; must accept blame for war (partly to blame for WWII); Germany lost land and all overseas colonies

Front 131

World War II causes

Back 131

Germany economically poor; bitter over loss of war; inflation high; high unemployment; govt. didn't have support of the people; Depression affected the world; rise of nationalism; turned to Hitler -- Nazis and Fascism; started building strong army (vs. Treaty of Versailles); Germany invaded Poland and war was declared by GB and France (1939); Japan on Germany's side; US stopped trading with Japan...then Pearl Harbor;

Front 132

Fascism

Back 132

power is concentrated in a single dictator; reject individualism; extreme patriotism; celebrates military strength and brute force; individual freedoms gone; strong countries have right to invade and conquer weak ones; Nazism unique brand of Fascism that involved biological racism and antiSemitism

Front 133

Appeasement - 1937-39

Back 133

policy of letting Hitler do what he wanted building his army and invading Czechoslovakia despite being vs. Treaty of Versailles; allowed Germany to grow too strong

Front 134

Cold War

Back 134

the continuing state of political conflict, military tension, proxy wars, and economic competition existing after World War II (1939-1945) between the Communist World - primarily the Soviet Union and its satellite states and allies - and the powers of the Western world, primarily the United States and its allies (wiki)

Front 135

Marshall Plan

Back 135

U.S. plan to aid in post-war European recovery

Front 136

Perestroika ("restructuring") - mid-1980s

Back 136

Gorbachev becomes more concerned with economic reform than arms race

Front 137

Glasnost ("openness")

Back 137

reduce corruption in Communist party and encourage increased contact with Western world

Front 138

Decolonization

Back 138

process where formerly European and U.S. colonies rejected foreign rule and protested further interference

Front 139

Characteristics of Living Things

Back 139

-composed of one or more cells

Front 140

Cell

Back 140

basic structural and functional unit of all living things (named after rooms in monasteries)

Front 141

Cell membranes contain...

Back 141

genetic material, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, salts, and other substances - (organic compounds b/c they all contain carbon)

Front 142

Compounds

Back 142

composed of molecules

Front 143

Molecules

Back 143

smallest particles of a substance that retain chemical/physical properties and has two or more atoms

Front 144

Macromolecules

Back 144

molecules that form living organisms - contain thousands of elements connected by chemical bonds

Front 145

Carbohydrates

Back 145

store and transport energy; provide structural support

Front 146

Lipids (or fats)

Back 146

store energy; formed by carbon and hydrogen; do not dissolve in water

Front 147

Proteins

Back 147

essential component of living cell; include enzymes, hormones and antibodies; essential for growth and repair of tissue

Front 148

Nucleic Acids

Back 148

store genetic materials that leads to replication or organism; store hereditary info

Front 149

Tissue

Back 149

series of cells that complete a shared function; can form organs

Front 150

Organ

Back 150

fully differentiated structural/functional unit that serves special function

Front 151

Organ System

Back 151

organs that work together to accomplish complex series of tasks (e.g., circulatory, digestive systems...)

Front 152

Prokaryote cells

Back 152

unicellular; contain cytoplasm and membrane; lack organelles; have no nucleus; example: bacteria

Front 153

Eukaryote cells

Back 153

contain organelles, membrane, and chromosomal proteins; examples: paramecia, skin tissue, organs

Front 154

Organelle

Back 154

differentiated structure within cell that performs specific function, e.g., nucleus, chromosomes, ribosomes, membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, etc., etc.

Front 155

Nucleus

Back 155

Brain of cell; contains DNA

Front 156

Nuclear Membrane

Back 156

membrane that surrounds nucleus

Front 157

Chromosomes

Back 157

site of genetic information; contains DNA

Front 158

Ribosomes

Back 158

house the machinery for cell function; inside nucleus

Front 159

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 159

highway of networks of cell tissue

Front 160

Cell membrane

Back 160

walls the entire animal cell; regulates entry/exit of substances

Front 161

Cell Wall

Back 161

walls the entire plant cell; stronger than cell membrane; regulates entry/exit of substances

Front 162

Cytoskeleton

Back 162

"internal framework" of cell; organizes structures in the cell

Front 163

Cytoplasm

Back 163

"gelatin" inside cell; protects organelles

Front 164

Golgi Apparati

Back 164

"ships" goods from ER to rest of cell

Front 165

Chloroplasts

Back 165

site of photosynthesis in plant cells; trap sunlight

Front 166

Mitochondria

Back 166

chemical powerhouse of cell; site of cellular respiration

Front 167

Lysosomes

Back 167

"waste disposal" sacs of the cell

Front 168

Vacuoles

Back 168

"containers" in animal cells for water and organic substances

Front 169

Central Vacuole

Back 169

large "holding container" in plant cells for water; helps maintain turgor pressure

Front 170

Centriole

Back 170

form spindle fibers to separate chromosomes during cell division

Front 171

Plant Cell (PC) vs. Animal Cell (AC)

Back 171

PC: cell wall, chloroplasts, central vacuole. AC: cell membrane, several vacuoles; centriole

Front 172

Types of Tissues:

Back 172

Epithelial Tissue: covers body surfaces (including skin and organs).

Connective Tissue: supports other tissues; essential functions of mechanical reinforcement, immune surveillance, transport/diffusion of nutrients and wastes, and energy storage (fat).

Nervous Tissue: responsible for rapid long-distance signalling, coordination, and "thinking".

Muscle Tissue: gross movement by means of cellular contraction.

Front 173

Epithelial

Back 173

line areas of body and surround organs keeping them separate from other organs; e.g., outer layer of skin, tissue that surrounds organs

Front 174

Connective

Back 174

add support and structure to the body; e.g., inner layers of skin, tendons, bone, fat, blood

Front 175

Muscle

Back 175

can contract; composed of two proteins that allow movement

Front 176

Nerve

Back 176

two types of cells - neuron and glial; create and conduct electrical signals managed by brain and transmitted via spinal cord

Front 177

Blood

Back 177

specialized fluid that delivers nutrient to cells and transports waste from cells; composed of four types of cells

Front 178

red blood cells

Back 178

most numerous; manufactured in marrow; deliver oxygen from lungs to body tissues via circulatory system

Front 179

white blood cells

Back 179

immune system; manufactured in marrow; fight diseases; # is indicator of infection

Front 180

platelets

Back 180

produced in marrow; release growth factors and aid in clotting

Front 181

Plasma

Back 181

contain salts and various proteins

Front 182

Antigen

Back 182

foreign substances located on surface of red blood cells

Front 183

Antibodies

Back 183

proteins produced in response to specific antigens; produced by lymphatic organ system; located in blood plasma; help immune system

Front 184

Blood types

Back 184

A - carries A antigen; B - carries B antigen; AB - carries A & B antigens; O - carries no antigens (universal donor)

Front 185

platelets

Back 185

produced in marrow; release growth factors and aid in clotting

Front 186

Plasma

Back 186

contain salts and various proteins

Front 187

Antigen

Back 187

foreign substances located on surface of red blood cells

Front 188

Antibodies

Back 188

proteins produced in response to specific antigens; produced by lymphatic organ system; located in blood plasma; help immune system

Front 189

Blood types

Back 189

A - carries A antigen; B - carries B antigen; AB - carries A & B antigens; O - carries no antigens (universal donor)

Front 190

Rh antigen

Back 190

presence (or lack of) is a characteristic of blood type;

Front 191

+ or -

Back 191

With or without the Rd antigen

Front 192

Organ System

Back 192

Two or more organs working together

Front 193

Skeletal System

Back 193

bones/cartilage/tendons/ligaments; provides support, protects organs, provides sites to which organs attach

Front 194

Integumentary System

Back 194

skin, hair, nails, sweat glands; provides protection for tissues, excretes waste, regulates temp; largest system

Front 195

Muscular System

Back 195

muscles; provides movement, controls movement of matter through organs

Front 196

Circulatory System

Back 196

heart, blood vessels, blood (?); transports nutrients, gases, hormones and waste

Front 197

Nervous System

Back 197

brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves; relays electrical signals through body, directs behavior and movement

Front 198

Respiratory System

Back 198

nose, trachea, lungs; provides gas exchange between blood and environment

Front 199

Digestive System

Back 199

mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines; breaks down and absorbs nutrients for growth and maintenance

Front 200

Excretory System

Back 200

kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra; filters out waste, toxins and excess water or nutrients

Front 201

Endocrine System

Back 201

pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, etc.; relays chemical info along with nervous system to control physiological processes

Front 202

Reproductive System

Back 202

manufacture cells that allow reproduction, i.e., sperm and eggs

Front 203

Lymphatic/Immune System

Back 203

lymph, lymph nodes and vessels, etc.; destroys microbes and viruses and removes fat and excess fluids from blood

Front 204

Unique to all living things

Back 204

metabolism, responsiveness, growth, reproduction, ecology and evolution

Front 205

Metabolism

Back 205

living things exchange chemical matter with external environs & transform organic matter within cells resulting in release/use of energy

Front 206

Responsiveness

Back 206

living things respond to stimuli such as light, heat, sound, etc.

Front 207

Growth

Back 207

living things take in and organize material from environment into its own structures

Front 208

Reproduction

Back 208

living thing can produce a copy of itself via reproduction; asexual (bacteria) and sexual (two parents to create offspring)

Front 209

Heredity

Back 209

the passing of traits to offspring (from its parent or ancestors). This is the process by which an offspring cell or organism acquires or becomes predisposed to the characteristics of its parent cell or organism.

Front 210

(Gregor Mendel and the pea plants)

Back 210

set of characteristics an organism receives from its parents

Front 211

Traits

Back 211

a characteristic that distinguishes one individual organism from another

Front 212

Hybrids (heredity)

Back 212

organisms with certain traits crossed with organisms with other traits

Front 213

Allele

Back 213

different forms of a gene

Front 214

Dominant

Back 214

expressed allele in hybrid

Front 215

Recessive

Back 215

unexpressed allele in hybrid

Front 216

Phenotype

Back 216

Traits an organism displays

Front 217

Genotype

Back 217

genetic composition of alleles

Front 218

Mendel's Principles

Back 218

Individual genes determine biological characteristics; for each gene, an organism receives on allele from one parent and one from the other; one allele may be dominant over another

Front 219

Ecology (what makes living things unique)

Back 219

living thing is influenced by environment AND can alter its surroundings

Front 220

Evolution (what makes living things unique)

Back 220

living thing can adapt to changes in environment; majority of time: organism develops abilities to deal more effectively with environment

Front 221

Darwin

Back 221

credited with conceptualization of diversity of life, adaptation, natural selection, and survival of the fittest

Front 222

Adaptation (Darwin)

Back 222

organisms possess traits that enable them to survive

Front 223

Fitness (Darwin)

Back 223

ability of an organism to pass on traits to offspring successfully

Front 224

Natural Selection (Darwin)

Back 224

only the fittest organisms survive and continue to exist in nature

Front 225

Kingdoms of Living Things

Back 225

Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Front 226

Adaptation (Darwin)

Back 226

organisms possess traits that enable them to survive

Front 227

Fitness (Darwin)

Back 227

ability of an organism to pass on traits to offspring successfully

Front 228

Natural Selection (Darwin)

Back 228

only the fittest organisms survive and continue to exist in nature

Front 229

Kingdoms of Living Things

Back 229

Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Front 230

Carolus Linnaeus

Back 230

developed taxonomic classification to organize living things in mid 1700s;

Front 231

binomial nomenclature

Back 231

two-name system to identify an organism by listing genus and species

Front 232

Virus

Back 232

not in any kingdom; not considered living; can't reproduce without a living host

Front 233

All plants need...

Back 233

water, nutrients (especially nitrogen) from soil, carbon dioxide, and sunlight

Front 234

Plants manufacture _____ and _____ through photosynthesis.

Back 234

oxygen; sugar

Front 235

Three Groups of Plants (according to life cycle)

Back 235

Annual (completes entire life cycle in one full year), Biennial (takes about two years to complete cycle), Perennial (lives more than 3 years)

Front 236

Photosynthesis

Back 236

process of converting light energy to chemical energy; occurs in plants and algae; takes place in leaves (chloroplasts)

Front 237

Light Reaction (photosynthesis)

Back 237

light energy converted to chemical energy

Front 238

Dark Reaction (photosynthesis)

Back 238

converts CO2 and water into sugar, stored as starch

Front 239

Respiration

Back 239

enables animals to use oxygen to release carbon dioxide into the environment, which is then used by plants for photosynthesis

Front 240

Mutualism

Back 240

two organisms interact to benefit of both

Front 241

Commensalism

Back 241

one organism benefits, other is unharmed (barnacles)

Front 242

Parasitism

Back 242

one benefits at expense of other (tapeworm)

Front 243

Amensalism

Back 243

one is destroyed, other is unaffected (animals trample grass, grass dies)

Front 244

Biome

Back 244

geographical area that contains distinctive plant and animal groups adapted to that environment (determined by geography and climate)

Front 245

Ecosystem

Back 245

living community that is composed of complex relationships between each member and environment

Front 246

Habitat

Back 246

areas or environments where an organism lives

Front 247

Food chain/Food web

Back 247

Living part of an ecosystem; plants at beginning of chain (producers); Consumers eat plants and other organisms

Front 248

Carnivores

Back 248

eat only animals (sharks, numerous mammals)

Front 249

Herbivores

Back 249

eat plants (rodents, deer, cattle)

Front 250

Omnivores

Back 250

eat both plants and animals (humans)

Front 251

Decomposers

Back 251

feed off dead plants and animals (fungi and bacteria)

Front 252

Simple life cycle

Back 252

Before/At birth...Infancy (youth)...Adult

Front 253

Complex life cycle

Back 253

Includes metamorphosis

Front 254

Metamorphosis

Back 254

biological process during which an animal progresses through several distinctive changes in body structure (butterfly)

Front 255

Life Cycle of Butterfly

Back 255

Eggs, Caterpillar, Pupa or Chrysalis, Adult emerging from Chrysalis, Butterfly

Front 256

Life Cycle of Amphibian

Back 256

Egg, Tadpole with external gills, Legs appear then forelimbs, Frog

Front 257

Molting

Back 257

periodic shedding of all or part of outer covering (i.e., skin, shell, feathers, exoskeleton, etc.)

Front 258

Matter

Back 258

Physical material that occupies space and has mass

Front 259

Mass

Back 259

measure of the amount of material in an object (think: astronaut in space still has mass)

Front 260

Weight

Back 260

Force that mass exerts as a result of gravity (think: astronaut in space is weightless)

Front 261

Newton's Law of Gravity

Back 261

there is an attractive force between all masses

Front 262

Volume

Back 262

three-dimensional space occupied by matter; expressed as meter-cubed (m to the 3rd power)

Front 263

Density

Back 263

amount of mass in a unit volume of a substance; density = mass over volume (think: lead has higher density than a feather)

Front 264

Solids

Back 264

Definite volume and shape; cannot be compressed

Front 265

Liquids

Back 265

Distinct volume, takes shape of container; cannot be compressed

Front 266

Gas

Back 266

No distinct volume and shape; volume conforms to container; can be compressed and expanded

Front 267

Plasma

Back 267

like a gas, but can conduct electricity (lightning); volume and shape conform to container

Front 268

Pure substances

Back 268

Cannot be broken down by chemical or physical means (anything on periodic table, water, table salt, etc.)

Front 269

Physical Properties

Back 269

Can be measured without changing the substance: taste, odor, density, color, melting and boiling points, hardness

Front 270

Chemical Properties

Back 270

How substance will interact with other substances: flammability, radioactivity, sensitivity to light, oxidation, toxicity

Front 271

Physical Change

Back 271

Substance changes physical appearance but not identity (ice to water, water to vapor)

Front 272

Chemical Change

Back 272

Substance changes to another substance (logs burnt in a fireplace, egg cooked, car rusts; photosynthesis, respiration, digestion)

Front 273

Mixture

Back 273

combination of two or more substances in which eat retains identity (oil & water, sand & water, concrete)

Front 274

Elements

Back 274

Cannot be decomposed into simpler substances; Mendeleev first created Periodic Table of Elements

Front 275

Compounds

Back 275

Composed of two or more elements that are chemically combined

Front 276

Atomic Theory (Dalton)

Back 276

1) each element composed of atoms; 2) all atoms of one element are identical; 3) atoms of different elements have diff properties; 4) atoms are neither created nor destroyed; 5) atoms can combine to form compounds; 6) in any compound, number and kind of atoms are constant

Front 277

Law of Conservation of Matter or Mass

Back 277

matter cannot be created or destroyed

Front 278

Law of Constant Composition

Back 278

the composition of a substance is alway the same (molecule of water will always have two atoms hydrogen, one atom oxygen)

Front 279

Law of Multiple Proportions

Back 279

the masses of one element combined with another element are always whole numbers

Front 280

Law of Conservation of Energy

Back 280

energy cannot be created or destroyed (amount of energy required to light up a bulb is equal to amount of energy emitted by the light bulb)

Front 281

Atom

Back 281

Protons (positive charge) and Neutrons (no charge) in the nucleus; Electrons (negative charge)

Front 282

Molecule

Back 282

Combination of two or more tightly bound atoms; acts as a singular object

Front 283

Energy

Back 283

Capacity of a physical system to perform work; can be transferred as heat (forms: heat, sound, chemical, nuclear, light, mechanical, electrical, electromagnetic)

Front 284

Potential Energy

Back 284

energy that is stored in matter (object in rubber band pulled back in slingshot -- energy is potential; kinetic after object leaves band)

Front 285

Kinetic Energy

Back 285

energy contained in a moving mass

Front 286

Conduction (transfer of heat energy)

Back 286

atoms and molecules collide to transfer kinetic energy (atomic and molecular level)

Front 287

Convection (transfer of heat energy)

Back 287

heat moves from hot region to cold, but involves large amt of matter, thus macroscopic (heating water)

Front 288

Radiation (transfer of heat energy)

Back 288

light energy in form of heat transferred from sun to earth; moves in electromagnetic waves

Front 289

Waves (electromagnetic)

Back 289

specific properties; each color on spectrum has specific wavelength and emits specific amt of energy

Front 290

Motion

Back 290

any spatial and/or temporal change in a physical system; described in terms of velocity, acceleration, displacement and time

Front 291

Vector

Back 291

quantity that has size and direction; symbolized by arrow

Front 292

Velocity

Back 292

rate of change of an object

Front 293

Acceleration

Back 293

change in velocity over time

Front 294

Displacement

Back 294

distance from the point at which the object is at rest to the end point of motion

Front 295

Time

Back 295

denotes sequence of, duration of, and intervals between events

Front 296

Sir Isaac Newton

Back 296

laws of motion

Front 297

First Law of Motion

Back 297

object at rest remains stationary and object in motion moves at same speed unless acted on by unbalanced force

Front 298

Inertia

Back 298

tendency of an object to resist change in motion

Front 299

Second Law of Motion

Back 299

when a force is placed on an object, it will accelerate in the direction of the force; acceleration is proportion to force applied

Front 300

Third Law of Motion

Back 300

every action has an equal and opposite reaction (recoil of gun)

Front 301

Lever

Back 301

bar that rotates around a fixed point called a fulcrum (three classes depend on location of fulcrum and input/output forces) (1st: seesaw, 2nd: nail clippers, 3rd: baseball bat)

Front 302

Wheel and Axle

Back 302

large wheel secured to smaller wheel or axle; when one part turns, other part turns

Front 303

Pulley

Back 303

Grooved wheel turns freely in a frame called a block; can change direction of a force and gain mechanical advantage

Front 304

Inclined Plane

Back 304

Even surface that slopes (ramp, ladder, stairs); remains stationary

Front 305

Wedge

Back 305

Modification of inclined plane; used to separate or hold something; can move (scissor blades)

Front 306

Screw

Back 306

Modified version of inclined plane

Front 307

Compound/Complex Machines

Back 307

combinations of simple machines (wheelbarrow: wheel and axle and lever; can opener: wheel, lever, wedge)

Front 308

Time for Earth to Orbit Sun

Back 308

approx. 365 days

Front 309

Time for Earth to rotate on its axis

Back 309

approx 24 hours

Front 310

Distance between Earth and Sun

Back 310

93 million miles

Front 311

Coldest temp on Earth

Back 311

-128.5 degrees F (Antarctica - 1983)

Front 312

Highest temp on Earth

Back 312

136.4 degrees F (Libya - 1922)

Front 313

Major components of breathable air

Back 313

Nitrogen (78.08%); Oxygen (20.94%)

Front 314

Moon orbits Earth in...

Back 314

approx. 28 days (month)

Front 315

Earth is...

Back 315

wider at the equator than from the North to South Pole

Front 316

Solar eclipse

Back 316

moon travels between Sun and Earth during middle of day and blocks Sun's light from Earth

Front 317

Lunar Eclipse

Back 317

Moon moves into Earth's shadow during the night and blocks the moon from the Earth (from the sun's rays, no?)

Front 318

Physical Earth

Back 318

inner core, outer core, mantle, upper mantle, crust

Front 319

Inner core

Back 319

solid -- contains nickel

Front 320

Outer core

Back 320

liquid - contains lead (two times as thick as inner core)

Front 321

Mantle

Back 321

below crust; flexible; upper composed or rock; lower is hot and plastic-like (?)

Front 322

Crust

Back 322

outermost surface; two types -- continental and oceanic

Front 323

Lithosphere

Back 323

layer that includes crust and part of upper mantle; site of volcanoes, earthquakes, continental drifts, etc.

Front 324

Tectonic Plates

Back 324

100 k thick; continental and oceanic crust; convection (heat energy) causes plates to move constantly in diff directions; 8 major ones and many minor

Front 325

Boundaries

Back 325

where tectonic plates meet; most active volcanoes located there

Front 326

Relief

Back 326

difference in elevation between two points

Front 327

Igneous Rocks

Back 327

formed by molten rock

Front 328

Sedimentary Rock

Back 328

formed by rocks and minerals resulting from chemical and physical breakdown of pre-existing rocks; e.g., quartz, shale, limestone

Front 329

Metamorphic Rock

Back 329

changed into another kind of rock (usually by heat or pressure); e.g., marble

Front 330

Properties of Rock

Back 330

hardness, luster, density, cleavage, fracture, twinning, transparency, color, special light effects, streak

Front 331

Water Cycle

Back 331

Accumulation, Evaporation/Transpiration, Condensation, Precipitation, and Run-Off

Front 332

Transpiration

Back 332

water is absorbed through roots of plants, moves to leaves, and evaporates into atmopshere

Front 333

Weather -- factors that impact

Back 333

latitude, altitude, prevailing winds, distance from sea, ocean currents, Earth's tilt, mountains, people

Front 334

Splash Erosion (exogenous process modifying Earth)

Back 334

rain splashes down and knocks soil particles into air

Front 335

Sheet Erosion (exogenous process modifying Earth)

Back 335

particles unearthed via splashing move downhill to cause sheet-flooding

Front 336

Ice as Erosive Force

Back 336

Powerful erosive force; water under glacier freezes and breaks off pieces of rock

Front 337

Waves as Erosive Forces

Back 337

seriously erode rocks along the coastline

Front 338

Ocean Waves

Back 338

characterized by height, length, period, and speed; carry energy across vast distances

Front 339

Tides

Back 339

created by pull of gravitational force; fluctuate daily as moon, Earth and Sun interact; pull of Earth's side closest to moon pulls ocean water and creates bulge

Front 340

Empiricism

Back 340

use of evidence that is based on the senses and can be replicated, critiqued, and experienced by other scientists

Front 341

Rationalism

Back 341

use of logical reasoning; not instinctive or intuitive

Front 342

Skepticism

Back 342

persistent interrogation of beliefs and conclusions

Front 343

Scientific Inquiry

Back 343

asking questions, gathering evidence, considering alternative explanations, weighing evidence, drawing and articulating conclusions

Front 344

Themes of Scientific Discovery

Back 344

tension between science/govt/religion have existed since beginning of time; war/warfare promote advances in tech/engineering; scientific thinking enhances communication and further discovery; discoveries about nature/evolution/body have led to engineering breakthroughs that pervade all aspects of life; interdisciplinary nature of scientific discovery

Front 345

Questioning (scientific inquiry)

Back 345

Process of posing factual, analytical, evaluative questions that seek to inquire about events in the natural world

Front 346

Observation (scientific inquiry)

Back 346

process of using all senses and tech to gather info

Front 347

Hypothesizing (scientific inquiry)

Back 347

process of posing educated guess or possible theory or statement

Front 348

Variable (scientific inquiry)

Back 348

Dependent: NOT under our control; Independent: IS under our control, we manipulate in order to see what happens

Front 349

Descriptive Clarity

Back 349

What is known about how this study was conducted?

Front 350

Data Quality

Back 350

Are data sources legitimate, credible and rational?

Front 351

Analytic Integrity

Back 351

Are findings credible, replicable, and trustworthy?