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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How much movement do synarthroses allow? |
Little or no movement |
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Which joint are ampiarthroses and allow some movement? |
Cartilaginous |
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Which joints are synovial and allow free movement? |
Diarthroses |
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What type of joints are gomphoses? |
Fibrous |
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What type of joint are syndesmosis? |
Fibrous |
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What replaces fontenelles? |
Sutures |
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What is a syntosis? |
Fusion of bones |
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What is an interosseous ligament? |
Between bone, fibrous joint |
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What holds gomphoses in place? |
Collagenous connective tissue |
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What are growth plates and costal cartilage? |
Primary synchondroses |
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What are symphyses? |
Secondary cartiliganenous joints |
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What type of joint are the intervertebral discs? |
Secondary cartilaginous |
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Where do you find secondary cartilaginous joints? |
Between articular cartilage of bones |
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Which type of movement is the only type of movement a plane synovial joint will permit? |
Gliding |
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Which type of joint is the acromoiclavicular? |
Plane synovial |
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Which type of joint is between the atlas and axis? |
Pivot synovial |
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What type of joint is the wrist joint? |
Epsiloid |
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What type of joint is the metacarpophalangeal? |
Epsiloid (2 planes) |
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What type of joint is between the thumb and the wrist? |
Saddle joint |
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What type of joint is the sternoclavicular? |
Saddle |
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What does the outer fibrous capsule synovial joint blend with? |
Perosteum and tendons |
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What are ligaments made of? |
Parallel collagen fibres connected to the outer fibrous joint capsule |
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Where are the type A synovial cells derived from? |
Bone marrow |
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What cell synthesises hyaluronic acid? |
Type b synovial cells |
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What are the fibres in articular cartilage? |
Collagen (mostly type 2) |
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What is the matrix composed of in articular cartilage? |
Proteoglycans |
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What are the menisci composed of? |
fibrocartilage |
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Where are the bursae often found? |
Where tendon passes over bone |
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What are the tendon sheaths made of? |
Modified bursae |
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What fills bursae? |
Synovial fluid |
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What type of lubrication in synovial fluid involves charges glycoproteins? |
Boundary |
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What type of lubrication synovial joints occurs because of pressurised fluid? |
Fluid film |
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which muscular dystrophy is caused by a larger deletion in the genome? |
Beckers |
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in which MD is there a smaller deletion in the genome but the reading frame is deleted leading to a more severe MD? |
Duchennes |
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what can you stain for to diagnose MDs? |
acid phosphatase in lysosomes (involved in inflammation and regeneration? |
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why type of myopathy is associated with 'ragged red fibres' |
mitochondrial myopathies |
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what are ragged red fibres composed of? |
glycogen and neutral lipids |
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what are extrinsic muscle disorders? |
neurogenic disorders causing redistribution of fibre type |
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what are channelopathies? |
disorders of muscle membranes |
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what is an example of a channelopathy? |
myotonic dystrophy |
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what is the inheritance pattern of myotonic dystrophy? |
autosomal dominant |
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what is inclusion body myostitis? |
inflammatory, wasting of muscles |
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what is the function of dystrophin? |
prevents excessive stress on the cell membrane during muscle contraction |
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what happens to the stiffness in muscle dystrophy fibres? |
reduces |
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what is mcardles disease? |
myophosphorylase deficiency (can't break down glycogen) |
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what stain's for glycogen? |
PAS |
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what is elevated in mitochondrial myopathies after exercise test? |
lactate |
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what is a failure to produce lactate indicative in an ischeamic excercise test? |
disorder of glycogen metabolism (myophosphorylase deficiency) |
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what are elevated CK levels indicative of? |
damage to muscle membrane (DMD) |
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does SM contain sarcomeres? |
no |
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what indicates the power stroke in muscle contraction? |
the release of Pi |
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what causes myosin to release actin? |
ATP binding to the myosin head |
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what returns myosin to it's original conformation? |
hydrolysis of ATP |
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where are satellite cells found? |
periphery of muscle fibre |
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what is p62 a marker of? |
autophagy and ubiquitin pathway activation |
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what does desmin connect? |
sarcolemma, Z disk and nuclear membrane
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what kind of neurons are nociceptive primary afferent neurons? |
pseudo unipolar |
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what are the main nociceptive fibres? |
c (4) |
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how much myelination do c nociceptive fibres have? |
none |
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what kind of pain do A 8 (3) nociceptive fibres feel? |
sharp pain |
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what kind of pain do A b nociceptive fibres feel? |
lower levels of discomfort |
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which is the thickest, fastest type of nociceptive fibre? |
A beta (2) |
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what is situated in the grey matter? |
neuronal cell bodies |
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what do nociceptive receptors synapse onto? |
second order neurons in rexed laminae 1-6 |
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how does the sensory information from nociceptive neurons reach the brain? |
through the anterolateral spinothalamic tracts to thalamus |
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what is the reticular formation responsible for? |
keeping us awake |
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what is the cingulate cortex? |
emotional motor cortex - tells motor system how to move differently when in pain |
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what is the pain cortex? |
insula |
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what does increased activity in the nociceptor pathways cause? |
sensitisation |
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what is allodydnia? |
pain and unpleasant sensation evoked by low intensity stimuli e.g in gout |
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what can allodydnia be caused by? |
abnormal activity in non nocieceptive neurons or lower thresholds in nociceptive receptors |
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what is hyperalgesia? |
increased pain sensation from a noxious stimulus |
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what type of chronic pain occurs because of inflammation or nerve injury? |
hyperalgesia |
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what type of chronic pain occurs because of increased excitibility in nociceptive pathways? |
hyperalgesia |
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which nociceptive neurons are active in burning pain? |
c fibres |
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which nociceptive neurons are activated in stabbing pain? |
A |
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what is pain due to damage to the nerve called? |
neuropathic pain |
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where are CGRP fibres found? |
Joint structures but not cartilage, a vasodilator |
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what inreases the chances of bony oesteophytes forming in OA? |
inflammation of the joint because it increases the oxygen availability |
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where do bony oesteophytes grow? |
in tendon inserts |
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how does bone cancer cause pain ? |
increased activity of oesteoclasts reabsorbing bone, releasing acid onto nociceptive nerve endings |
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what can dermatomes tell you about pain in the vertebral column or nerves? |
pain in a dermatome can indicate which nerve or vertebrae are effected |
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what does osteoproegerin block? |
oesteoclast activity |
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what is the component of the inorganic matrix of bone? |
hydroxyapatite |
