Module 6 Exam

Front 1

lichen

Back 1

formed when hyphae of a fungus wraps around algae cells

Front 2

algae provides carbs/energy

fungus provides protection and minerals

Back 2

what does each partner in lichen contribute?

Front 3

provide food, early colonizers of rocks, and cover for small invertebrates

Back 3

what is the role of lichens?

Front 4

algae

Back 4

photosynthetic protists that mostly inhabit water

Front 5

primary producer

important food source and additive for humans

Back 5

what is the role of algae?

Front 6

cellulose-synthesizing proteins, structure of flagellated sperm, gamete producing structures, and similar life cycles

Back 6

what is the evidence that supports the hypothesis that land plants and aquatic green algae evolved from a common ancestor?

Front 7

desiccation, structural support w/o water, UV radiation, gametes needing water to swim

Back 7

what are the environmental challenges that plants have when living on land?

Front 8

alternation of generations, sporangium for spores, gametangium for gametes, apical meristem, vascular system, and cuticle

Back 8

adaptations for living on land

Front 9

abundant sunlight, readily available CO2, and no animals at the time

Back 9

benefits of living on land

Front 10

bryophyte

Back 10

evolved 450 million years ago; lack vascular system, seeds, and flowers

mosses, hornworts, and liverworts

Front 11

seedless vascular

Back 11

evolved 400 million years ago; has a vascular system, but no seeds or flowers

ferns, club mosses, and horsetail

Front 12

gymnosperms

Back 12

evolved 320 million years ago; has a vascular system and seeds, but no flowers

conifers, gingko, and cycad

Front 13

angiosperms

Back 13

evolved 100 million years ago; has a vascular system, seeds, and flowers

any flowering plant, wheat

Front 14

gametophyte dominant, homosporous, and motile gametes

Back 14

what are the characteristics of the bryophyte life cycle?

Front 15

sporophyte dominant, homosporous, and motile gametes

Back 15

what are the characteristics of the seedless vascular life cycle?

Front 16

sporophyte dominant, heterosporous, non-motile gametes, and seeds

Back 16

what are the characteristics of the gymnosperm life cycle?

Front 17

sporophyte dominant, heterosporous, non-motile gametes, seeds, and fruits

Back 17

what are the characteristics of the angiosperm life cycle?

Front 18

diploid, haploid

Back 18

sporophytes are __________; gametophytes are __________

Front 19

gametes

Back 19

gametophytes develop _____________

Front 20

spores/seeds

Back 20

sporophytes develop _______/______

Front 21

Algae in water, bryophytes on land, seedless vascular with vascular systems, gymnosperms with seeds, the angiosperms with fruit/flowers

Back 21

summarize the evolutionary trends among plants

Front 22

vegetative reproduction

Back 22

asexual reproduction among plants where they don't use gametes to reproduce

Front 23

cutting, underground stems, or parts of bulbs or tubers

Back 23

how is vegetative reproduction done?

Front 24

identical

Back 24

vegetative reproduction produces genetically ___________ individuals

Front 25

shoot system

Back 25

organ system that consists of everything above ground

Front 26

root system

Back 26

organ system that consists of everything below ground

Front 27

reproductive

Back 27

organ(s) that allow for production of gametes/seeds

Front 28

vegetative

Back 28

part of the shoot system that consists of leaves and stems

Front 29

receptacle

Back 29

base of flower; connects flower to plant

Front 30

sepal

Back 30

small "leaves" that surround the bottom of the flower and protect it in bud form

Front 31

petal

Back 31

usually bright "leaves" that surround the pistil and stamen; attracts pollinators

Front 32

stamen

Back 32

male reproductive part of flower

Front 33

fliament

Back 33

stem of stamen

Front 34

anther

Back 34

head where pollen is made on a stamen

Front 35

pistil

Back 35

female reproductive part

Front 36

ovary

Back 36

place where ovule is made/held

Front 37

style

Back 37

tube that connects ovary to stigma

Front 38

stigma

Back 38

tip of pistil that collects pollen

Front 39

pollination

Back 39

when pollen meets pistil

Front 40

gymnosperms and angiosperms

Back 40

in what types of plants does pollination occur?

Front 41

fertilization

Back 41

when sperm meets egg

Front 42

the pollen grows a pollen tube that travels down the pistil to reach the ovule

Back 42

what happens during pollination?

Front 43

two sperm enter; one fertilizes the egg and the other fuses with polar nuclei to form the 3N cell that gives rise to the endosperm; the ovule matures

Back 43

how is the seed formed?

Front 44

the ovary matures and surrounds the seed

Back 44

how does the fruit form?

Front 45

seed

Back 45

contains the embryo to become a new plant

Front 46

seed coat

Back 46

protects contents of seed

Front 47

embryo

Back 47

where new plant grows from

Front 48

radicle

Back 48

part of embryo that becomes the roots

Front 49

plumule

Back 49

part of embryo made up of the epicotyl, young leaves, and apical meristem

Front 50

hypocotyl

Back 50

part of embryo that becomes the first part of the seed that emerges from the ground; base of stem

Front 51

cotyledon

Back 51

embryonic leaf

Front 52

fruit

Back 52

ripened ovary that surrounds the seeds

Front 53

the root system grows down and the shoot system grows up towards the light

Back 53

what is the basic process of seed germination?

Front 54

primary root, adventitious roots, coleoptile (single cot)

Back 54

parts of monocot seedlings

Front 55

radicle, hypocotyl

Back 55

parts of eudicot seedlings

Front 56

meristem

Back 56

region of plant tissue that are actively dividing

Front 57

apical meristem

Back 57

meristem that allows for increase in height

Front 58

lateral meristem

Back 58

allows for increase in diameter

Front 59

primary growth

Back 59

growth in height or length

Front 60

secondary growth

Back 60

growth in diameter

Front 61

two cotyledons, petals in multiples of 4-5, tap root system, net-like leaves

Back 61

what are the characteristics of eudicots? (flower, root, stem, leaf tissue)

Front 62

one cotyledon, petals in multiples of 3, fibrous root system, parallel vein leaves

Back 62

what are the characteristics of monocots? (flower, root, stem, leaf tissue)

Front 63

increase in internode length and length of shoot

Back 63

what is the response of pea plant tissues to the presence of the plant hormone gibberellin

Front 64

tropism

Back 64

any movement toward or away from stimuli

Front 65

phototropism

Back 65

directional response to blue wavelengths of light

Front 66

gravitropism

Back 66

movement in response to gravity

Front 67

auxin moves to the shady side, causes cells to divide, and leads to bending of plant towards light

Back 67

what is the role of auxin in tropism?

Front 68

cohesion

Back 68

___________ allows water to stick together and pull like a chain up to the leaves

Front 69

adhesion

Back 69

___________ allows water to stick to xylem

Front 70

cohesion-tension model

Back 70

where continuous transpiration forces water to be pulled up from the roots due to cohesive tension

Front 71

root cap

Back 71

protects the root as it pushes through the soil

Front 72

zone of cell division

Back 72

area at the root tip where the cells are dividing and making the root grow

Front 73

xylem

Back 73

"dots" arranged in an x-shape in eudicots and a ring in monocots;

transfers water

Front 74

phloem

Back 74

in roots

near the xylem and transports materials

Front 75

endodermis

Back 75

ring surrounding vascular tissue that separates vascular tissue from ground tissue

serves as a checkpoint for stuff entering vascular tissue

Front 76

root hairs

Back 76

little structures that increase surface area of a root

Front 77

increase surface area

allows for adequate intake of water and minerals to support the plant

Back 77

what is the significance of root hairs in water and mineral absorption?

Front 78

water enters through root hairs, squeezes by or through cortex cells, passing through endodermis via casparian strip, reaching the xylem, traveling to the leaves, and leaving through the stomata

Back 78

what is the route of water from soil to leaves

Front 79

upper epidermis

Back 79

protective layer on top of a leaf; less stomata than lower

Front 80

leaf vein

Back 80

contains the vascular tissue in a leaf

Front 81

stomata

Back 81

pores in a leaf that exchange gases

Front 82

palisade mesophyll

Back 82

tightly packed, column-like mesophyll cells

Front 83

spongy mesophyll

Back 83

loosely packed mesophyll cells

Front 84

stomata

Back 84

pores in leaves that allow for the exchange of gases and transpiration

Front 85

H+ is pumped out and used to pump K+ in; allows water to fill the guard cells via osmosis and pop open

Back 85

how are stomata opened?

Front 86

H+ is pumped in and K+ is pumped out; water leaves the cells via osmosis and the stomata close

Back 86

how are stomata closed?

Front 87

cuticle to prevent water loss; closed stomata at night to reduce transpiration at night; and conifers with small leaves with small surface area to reduce water loss

Back 87

what are the adaptations of plants to grow in different amounts of water?

Front 88

micronutrient

Back 88

mineral needed in small amounts by plants

Front 89

macronutrient

Back 89

mineral needed in large amounts by plants

Front 90

carbon

Back 90

element used to make sugar and build macromolecules

Front 91

nitrogen

Back 91

element that makes up proteins and nucleic acids

Front 92

oxygen

Back 92

element needed for cellular respiration

Front 93

phosphorus

Back 93

element needed to make nucleic acids and phospholipids

Front 94

sulfur

Back 94

element need to make amino acids and electron transport chain

Front 95

potassium

Back 95

element needed for stomata regulation

Front 96

calcium

Back 96

element needed to regulate nutrient transport and support enzyme function

Front 97

magnesium

Back 97

element important for photosynthesis

Front 98

stunted growth, slow growth, yellowing of leaves, or death

Back 98

what do nutrient deficiencies cause?

Front 99

rhizobia

Back 99

bacteria that can fix nitrogen into a usable form for the plant (ammonia)

also supplies the soil with nitrogen

Front 100

energy and protection

Back 100

what does a plant give rhizobia?

Front 101

fungus gives minerals to the plant by increasing surface area and availability and protection

the plant gives sugars

Back 101

what do the fungus and plant give each other in their symbiotic relationship?

Front 102

pressure flow system

Back 102

organic molecules travels from sources to sinks via phloem

Front 103

sugar is pumped into phloem via active transport, then water moves in from xylem via osmosis; this creates pressure, which causes the solution to be pushed towards sinks; the sinks actively transport the sugar in, and the water moves back to the xylem via osmosis

Back 103

how are organic molecules moved from source to sinks?

Front 104

greenhouse effect

Back 104

when greenhouse gases trap heat energy, warming the planet

Front 105

increases in emissions of greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O)

Back 105

cause of greenhouse effect

Front 106

warming of the planet leads to climate change and all of its consequences

Back 106

consequences of greenhouse effect

Front 107

increased overall, especially since 200 years ago

Back 107

how have atmospheric CO2 levels changed over time?

Front 108

increased the global temperature

Back 108

how are CO2 levels related to climate?

Front 109

burning fossil fuels and deforestation

Back 109

major causes of increased CO2

Front 110

decreasing growth because of warmer temps and drier conditions

Back 110

consequences of higher CO2 levels on plant growth

Front 111

using energy to grow and reproduce, photorespiration, carbon fixation limits, small edible portions

Back 111

biological factors that limit conversion of solar energy into food

Front 112

every energy transfer involved some loss of energy as heat

crops can only give 10% of their total energy to the next trophic level

Back 112

how does the second law of thermodynamics influence the production of food?

Front 113

more, less

Back 113

increasing the human population means ______ people to feed and _______ land to grow food on

Front 114

amount of arable land; affected by landforms, water bodies, access to water

Back 114

factors that limit ability to grow food

Front 115

water is conserved but photosynthesis is reduced and photorespiration occurs; reduces plant's ability to make energy and grow

Back 115

what happens when stomata are closed?

Front 116

water is lost more quickly but plant is able to conduct photosynthesis and avoid photorespiration

Back 116

what happens when stomata are open?

Front 117

C3 pathway

Back 117

rubisco fixes carbon to RuBP, which is directly part of the Calvin Cycle; most common in cool, wet environments

Front 118

C4 pathway

Back 118

carbon is fixed into malate (4 carbon) by an enzyme with a high affinity for carbon dioxide; takes place in mesophyll cells; fixed again in the bundle-sheath cells to enter the calvin cycle; common in hot environments

Front 119

CAM pathway

Back 119

plants fix their carbon at night, when water loss is less; they close their stomata during the day and perform light-dependent reactions; common in hot and dry climates

Front 120

cost: photorespiration

benefit: fix carbon without ATP

Back 120

cost and benefit of C3 pathway

Front 121

cost: cost ATP to fix carbon

benefit: decreased photorespiration, increased carbon fixation at higher temperatures

Back 121

cost and benefit of C4 pathway

Front 122

cost: reduced carbon fixation

benefit: decreased photorespiration, decreased water loss

Back 122

cost and benefit of CAM pathway

Front 123

plants would not be as productive due to hotter temperatures increasing photorespiration

Back 123

effect of climate change on ecosystem productivity