Module 6 , Bone, Biomechanics

Front 1

Axial skeleton

Back 1

Bones of the skull, vertebral column, rib cage

These bones protect support or carry other body parts

Front 2

Appendicular

Back 2

Upper and lower limbs , girdles( shoulder bones and hip bones) that attatch the limbs .

Bones of the limbs help us move from place to place ( locomotion)

Front 3

Femur

Back 3

Withstands pressure and its hollow cylinders design provides strength to hold our upright posture

Front 4

Long bones

Back 4

Long Femur, humerus Movement - to generate strength and speed

Front 5

Short bones

Back 5

Carpals, tarsals:cube shaped bones of the wrists and ankles

Front 6

Flat bones

Back 6

Flat (Plate) Ribs, cranium Protection of vital organs, attachment of muscles to help movement

Front 7

Irregular bonrs

Back 7

Irregular Vertebrae, face Provide shape, protection

Front 8

Functions of bone 1

Back 8

Provides a framework that supports the body Eg lower limbs act as pillars to support the body trunk when we stand

Front 9

Bone function 2

Back 9

Skeletal muscles which attach to bones by tendons use bones as levers to move the body and as a result we are able to walk and grasp objects

Front 10

Short bones

Back 10

Carpals, tarsal Shock absorption - spreading load

Front 11

Hyaline cartilage

Back 11

covers the ends of the bones, stops them rubbing together and absorbs shock.

Front 12

Epiphysis

Back 12

head’ of the bone.

Front 13

Diaphysis

Back 13

The shaft

Front 14

Compact bone

Back 14

hard, dense bone. It gives strength to the hollow part of the bone.

Front 15

Periosteum

Back 15

– a protective layer where there is no hyaline cartilage. Ligaments and tendons attach to the periosteum.

Front 16

Medullary cavity

Back 16

contains the yellow bone marrow; where white blood cells are made.

Front 17

Joint definition

Back 17

Where two or more bones meet etc the hip

Front 18

Ligament

Back 18

Ligament joins bone to bone, stabilising the joint.

Front 19

Tendons

Back 19

Tendon joins muscle to bone enabling movement.

Front 20

Synovial membrane

Back 20

Synovial membrane produces synovial fluid.

Front 21

High calcium levels

Back 21

The thyroid gland releases the hormone calcitonin, which lowers blood calcium levels. Calcitonin does this is by promoting bone deposition to take up calcium and store it in bones.

Front 22

Fibrous joint

Back 22

NO JOINT CAVITY

3 types ~ SUTURES

SYNDEMOSES

GOMPHOSES

Usually immovable

Front 23

Fibrous joint

Back 23

NO JOINT CAVITY

3 types ~ SUTURES

SYNDEMOSES

GOMPHOSES

Usually immovable

Front 24

Sutures

Back 24

Skull- allows skull to expand as the brain grows during youth

In adults they are immovable as movement of the cranial bones would damage the brain,

Immovable = protective adaptation

Front 25

Syndesmoses

Back 25

Connected by ligaments/ fibrous tissue

Movement depends on the length of fibers.

Front 26

Fibrous joint

Back 26

NO JOINT CAVITY

Bone ends/ united by collagen fibres

3 types ~ SUTURES= short

SYNDEMOSES= long

GOMPHOSES= periodontal ligament

Usually immovable

Front 27

Sutures

Back 27

Skull- allows skull to expand as the brain grows during youth

In adults they are immovable as movement of the cranial bones would damage the brain,

Immovable = protective adaptation

Front 28

Syndesmoses

Back 28

Connected by ligaments/ fibrous tissue

Movement depends on the length of fibers.

Front 29

Gomphoses

Back 29

Teeth

Immobile

Front 30

Cartilaginous joints

Back 30

2 types= synchondroses and symphyses

Front 31

Cartilaginous joints

Back 31

2 types= synchondroses and symphyses

Front 32

Synchondroses

Back 32

Unites bone

Example in children ~ epiphyseal plates temporary

Front 33

Cartilaginous joints

Back 33

2 types= synchondroses and symphyses

Front 34

Synchondroses

Back 34

Unites bone

Example in children ~ epiphyseal plates temporary

Front 35

Symphyses

Back 35

Joint where fibrocartilage unites the bone "symphysis" = growing together

Fibrocartilage is compressible and resilient = acts as shock absorber allows minimal movement at the joint

Symphyses are designed for strength with flexibility

Front 36

Cartilaginous joints

Back 36

2 types= synchondroses and symphyses

Front 37

Synchondrosis(hyaline cartilage)

Back 37

Unites bone

Example in children ~ epiphyseal plates temporary

Immobile

Front 38

Symphysis

Back 38

Joint where fibrocartilage unites the bone "symphysis" = growing together

Fibrocartilage is compressible and resilient = acts as shock absorber allows minimal movement at the joint

Symphyses are designed for strength with flexibility

Slightly moveable

Front 39

Synovial joints

Back 39

Movable, depends on design - limbs , most joints of the body

Front 40

Factors that influence Stability of synovial joints

Back 40

Articular surfaces providing stability have large surfaces and deep sockets and fit snugly together

Ligaments prevent undesirable movement/reinforce the joint

Muscle tone - tendons cross the joint is an important stabilising factor

Front 41

Muscle tissue

Back 41

Skeletal muscle is attached to the skeleton, striated

Controlled voluntarily

Cardiac- involuntarily, striated

Smooth muscle, hollow organs , involuntarily controlled

Front 42

Muscle function

Back 42

Muscles produce movement for example blood courses through our bodies due to the cardiac muscle of our heart and smooth muscle in the walls of our blood vessel which help maintain blood pressure

Skeletal muscles maintain body posture, by making adjustments to counteract the never ending pull of gravity

Front 43

Muscle fatigue

Back 43

Ionic imbalances contribute to muscle fatigue

Front 44

amphiarthroses

Back 44

Articulations that only allow a slight degree of movement are

Front 45

The 12 vertebrae that articulate with the ribs are the

Back 45

Thoracic

Front 46

Agonist muscle interaction

Back 46

Bicep brachii is the prime mover for forearm

Front 47

Antagonist muscle interaction

Back 47

Reverses movement eg

Triceps brachii

Front 48

Synergist muscle

Back 48

Provides unwanted movement/ helps prime mover produce movement

Front 49

Fixative muscle

Back 49

Immobilizes a bone to maintain posture

Front 50

Insertion

Back 50

Point where muscle(effort) pulls bone ( lever)

Front 51

Insertion

Back 51

Point where muscle(effort) pulls bone ( lever)

Front 52

Origin

Back 52

Point where muscle is attached to fixed bone

Immovable during muscle contraction

Front 53

Blood calcium low

Back 53

The parathyroid hormone (PTH), secreted by the parathyroid glands, is responsible for regulating blood calcium levels; it is released whenever blood calcium levels are low.

Pth stimulates osteoclasts, which break down bone to release calcium into the blood stream.

PTH increases blood calcium levels by increasing the amount of calcium resorbed by the kidneys before it can be excreted in urine

Front 54

High calcium levels

Back 54

Hormone called calcitonin is released by thyroid gland, stimulating osteoblasts and stimulating calcium excretion from kidneys. This results in calcium being deposited to bones to be absorbed.