Module 2 Study Guide

Front 1

Gross Anatomy

Back 1

Is the study of organs and structures of human body visible to naked eye.

Front 2

How many lobes are the right lungs?

Back 2

Superior, middle, inferior

Front 3

How many lobes in the left lung?

Back 3

Superior and inferior

Front 4

Hilum

Back 4

Root of the lung

Front 5

Pleurae

Back 5

Membranes that cover the surface of the lung and the cavity surrounding the lungs.

Front 6

Visceral pleura

Back 6

Directly covers the lungs

Front 7

Parietal pleura

Back 7

Covers the surfaces surrounding the lungs: rib cage, diaphragm, and mediastinum

Front 8

Pleural space or cavity

Back 8

Space that is formed between the pleurae. Normally, scant amount of fluid.

Front 9

Diseased state of lungs

Back 9

Cavity fill with air or fluids.

Front 10

Function of pleurae

Back 10

Reduce friction and provide a negative pressure environment needed for lung inflation. Also help to pull the lungs open with the chest wall during inhalation

Front 11

The respiratory system to perform 3 main functions:

Back 11

Air conduction

Air filtration

Exchange of gases (respiration)

Front 12

Conducting portion

Back 12

Nostril- nasal cavities

Pharynx- nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

Larynx

Trachea

Paired main(primary) bronchi (plural form of bronchus)

Bronchioles: secondary and tertiary

Front 13

Filtration portion

Back 13

Nostrils: hairs, cilia, and mucus producing goblet cells

Trachea and bronchi: cilia and mucus producing goblet cells

Front 14

Respiratory portion

Back 14

Respiratory bronchioles

Alveolar ducts

Alveolar sacs

Alveoli

Front 15

How does conduct air to and from the lungs

Back 15

Air moves through the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi to the lungs

Front 16

Nasal cavities or fossae

Back 16

Composed of bone and cartilage, made up of several parts. Left and right fossae are separated by the nasal septum

Front 17

Vestibule

Back 17

Most external portion

Lined with stratified squamous epithelium which is a continuation of the skin from the face

Front 18

Vestibule

Back 18

Most external portion

Lined with stratified squamous epithelium which is a continuation of the skin from the face

Front 19

Vibrissae

Back 19

Short thick hairs

Act as a screening device for the respiratory tract

Front 20

Danger of aspiration

Back 20

When food or liquid accidentally enters the trachea.

Front 21

Glottis

Back 21

Opening into the larynx or voice box

Front 22

Vocal folds

Back 22

At the edges of the glottis, embedded in mucous membranes

Front 23

How does sound occurs?

Back 23

Flexible and pliable bands of connective tissue vibrate and produce sound when air is expelled past them through the glottis from the larynx.

Front 24

Expectorated

Back 24

Spit up

Front 25

Aspiration

Back 25

Refers to bits of food, liquid, or particles that travel into the trachea

Front 26

Pneumonia

Back 26

Infection of the lungs, if there is a large amount of food or liquid that is aspirated and travel to the lungs.

Front 27

Epiglottis

Back 27

The trachea is closed by a flap of tissue

Front 28

Swallowing process

Back 28

Larynx rises, and the trachea is closed

Epiglottis moves inferiorly cover the trachea to prevent food or liquid from entering the lungs

Posterior and superior movement of the soft palate covers the entrance of the nasal passages.

The upward movement of the soft palate prevents food or liquid from entering the nasal passages

Front 29

Esophagus

Back 29

Which lies posterior to the larynx and trachea

Front 30

Main bronchi

Back 30

Enter the right and left lungs

Front 31

Bronchioles

Back 31

Branches into a great number of smaller passages

Front 32

Bronchi

Back 32

represent the transition from the single conduction pathway of the upper airways into large surface area required for gas exchange

Front 33

Respiratory epithelium

Back 33

Lined the entire bronchial tree.

Front 34

Terminal bronchioles

Back 34

Smallest air conducting bronchioles

Front 35

Respiratory bronchioles

Back 35

The transitional zone in the respiratory system concerned with both air conduction and gas exchange

Front 36

Concentration gradient

Back 36

Moving from higher to lower concentration. Generally, oxygen moving into blood and carbon dioxide moving out of the blood

Front 37

Histology

Back 37

Study of the cellular anatomy of a tissue or organ that can be viewed through a microscope

Front 38

Cilia

Back 38

Small hair-like projections

Front 39

Apical side

Back 39

Apex or top of the cells

Front 40

Pseudostratified

Back 40

Appear to be in layers

Front 41

Basement membrane

Back 41

Floor of epithelial tissue

Front 42

Columnar

Back 42

Taller than they are wide

Front 43

Goblet cells

Back 43

Mucus producing cells , present within the epithelium of the respiratory tract

Front 44

Stratified squamous epithelium

Back 44

Found in multiple flattened layers

Front 45

Simple squamous

Back 45

Single layer of flattened cells

Front 46

Surfactant

Back 46

Lipoprotein covers luminal surface and keeps the alveoli from sticking together during exhalation

Front 47

Premature babies

Back 47

Have respiratory problems after birth and need to remain hospitalized until their lungs fully develop

Front 48

Type I alveolar cells

Back 48

95% of alveolar epithelium; form very thin, simple squamous epithelium of the alveoli in junction with capillaries

Front 49

Type II alveolar cells

Back 49

5% of alveolar epithelium; produce and secrete pulmonary surfactant

Can divide to replace damaged Type I cells

Front 50

Alveolar macrophages

Back 50

Phagocytize toxic particles, allergens, or infectious material. Primary immune defense system of the alveoli. It migrates toward the ciliary surface of the bronchiolar system

Front 51

Breathing

Back 51

Inspiration (breathing air in)

Expiration (breathing air out)

Front 52

External respiration

Back 52

Gas exchange with the environment at a respiratory surface

Front 53

Internal respiration

Back 53

Gas exchange between blood and tissue fluid

Front 54

Aerobic cellular respiration

Back 54

Production of ATP cells

Front 55

For diffusion to be effective, the gas-exchange must be

Back 55

Moist

Thin

Large in relation to the size of the body

Front 56

Ventilation

Back 56

Happens when the lungs move air into respiratory tract and out of the respiratory tract

Front 57

What occurs during inhalation

Back 57

Rib cage lifts superiorly and anteriorly to open up and expand the lungs

Front 58

What occurs when exhalation?

Back 58

Rib cage lowered, diaphragm rises the thoracic pressure increases and air move out of the lungs

Front 59

Incomplete ventilation

Back 59

The air entering mixed with used air remaining in the lungs. Helps to converse water and maintain constant temperature.

Front 60

Diffusion

Back 60

Accounts for exchange of gases between the air in alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries.

Front 61

Diffusion

Back 61

Accounts for exchange of gases between the air in alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries.

Front 62

Pulmonary capillaries are ?

Back 62

Oxygen-poor

Front 63

Alveolar air is what?

Back 63

Oxygen rich

Front 64

Boyle’s law

Back 64

Pressure of given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume. Relationship between gas and pressure.

Front 65

Charles’s law

Back 65

The volume of a given quantity of gas is directly proportional to its temperature.

The higher the temperature then greater volume or the lower the temperature then lower gas volume

Front 66

Charles’s law

Back 66

The volume of a given quantity of gas is directly proportional to its temperature.

The higher the temperature then greater volume or the lower the temperature then lower gas volume

Front 67

Dalton’s law

Back 67

Total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressure of the individual gases.

The concentrations and partial pressures of gases will affect the diffusion of those gases.

Front 68

Spirometer

Back 68

Measurements of pulmonary ventilation

Front 69

Spirometer

Back 69

Measurements of pulmonary ventilation

Front 70

Tidal Volume (TV)

Back 70

Amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle of quiet breathing. Typically about 500mL of air.

Front 71

Inspiratory Reserve Volume(IRV)

Back 71

Maximum amount of air able to be inhaled beyond normal inhalation. Typically 3000ml of air

Front 72

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

Back 72

Maximum amount of air able to be exhaled beyond normal exhalation, typically around 1200mL of air.

Front 73

Residual Volume(RV)

Back 73

Amount of air remaining in lung that cannot be exhaled, typically 1300mL of air.

Front 74

Vital Capacity (VC)

Back 74

ERV + TV + IRV

Front 75

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

Back 75

VC + RV

Front 76

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

Back 76

TV + IRV

Or

VC- ERV

Front 77

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

Back 77

RV+ ERV

Front 78

Respiratory rate (RR)

Back 78

Measured in breaths per minute

Front 79

Emphysema

Back 79

Cause damage to the alveoli. The damage cause the inner walls to become weak and rupture.

Hint 79

Smoking is often cause of this disease

Front 80

Cystic fibrosis

Back 80

Hereditary disease. Cells produce mucus without enough saline. Causes mucous to become too thick so it clogs the respiratory tract.

Hint 80

Can lead to respiratory failure

Front 81

Pulmonary edema

Back 81

Accumulation of fluid in the lungs.

Hint 81

Caused by infections, cancers, and congestive heart disease

Front 82

Pleurisy

Back 82

Inflammation of the pleura( lining of the lungs). When the space is filled with air, pus, blood or their fluids.