Mkgrady8 Neuro 3 Intro To Ans

Front 1

motor control can be divided into what 2 systems

Back 1

somatic (consciously controlled skeletal) and autonomic (autonomous control of glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle)

Front 2

ANS can be divided into what 2 divisions

Back 2

parasympathetic (rest and digest, discrete activation (each effect can happen individually)) and sympathetic (fight or flight, diffuse activation (all its effects usually happen at the same time) )

Front 3

parasympathetic system: does what, controls what

Back 3

trophotropic; rest and digest so maintains essential body functions and IS essential for life; protects the eye= constriction of the pupils (miosis), near vision (accommodation), lacrimation; protects the heart (supraventricular locations only)= bradycardia; protest the resp system= broncho constriction/broncho secretion; aids in digestion= salivation, peristalsis, gastric acid secretion; aids in urination, defecation; aids in procreation (erection)

Front 4

sympathoadrenal system: does what, controls what

Back 4

ergotropic; right or flight so used to adjust the body to stressful situations but is NOT needed for life; dilation of pupils (mydriasis); increased HR and BP; decreased blood flow to the skin and internal organs; increased blood flow to skeletal muscles, brain, and heart; dilation of bronchi, decreased nasal and pulmonary secretions; mobilize energy stores (glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis); urination, defecation; aids in procreation (inhibits labor and delivery, aids in ejaculation)

Front 5

the 3 autonomic neurotransmitter divisions

Back 5

cholinergic, adrenergic, and NANC

Front 6

cholinergic autonomic neurotransmitters include

Back 6

acetylcholine

Front 7

adrenergic autonomic neurotransmitters include

Back 7

norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, and acetylcholine

Front 8

NANC autonomic neurotransmitters include

Back 8

ATP, nitric oxide, dynorphin, neuropeptide Y, substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide

Front 9

cholinergic terminal: what happens, what does black widow spider venom and botulinum toxin do, what are cholinomimetic drugs, AChase inhibitors, and cholinoceptor blocking agents

Back 9

Na going down the neuron stimulates release of Ca which causes vesicles filled with ACh to release into the synapse (aka junction) which then bind on receptors (either nicotinic or muscarinic); AChesterase is hanging out in synapse and immediately starts breaking it down; there are autoreceptors (activated by ACh) and heteroreceptors (activated by other things) on the nerve terminal that inhibit the release of ACh; cholinergic neurochemistry= black widow spider venom (aka alphalotrodotoxin which causes an explosive release of ACh from the nerve terminal), botulinum toxin (inhibits the release of ACh from the nerve terminal), cholinomimetic drugs (direct agonists that mimic ACh, ex. nicotine and muscarine), ACHase inhibitors (indirect agonists bc they allow ACh to stimulate the receptors for a longer period of time), cholinoceptor blocking agents (block the receptors)

Front 10

andronergic terminal: what happens, what does reserpine and amphetamine do, what are sympathomimetic drugs and adrenoceptor blocking drugs, what does cocaine and tricyclic antidepressants do

Back 10

same release as before except NO AChase like agents here (has to slowly float away or be taken back up); there are also autoreceptors and heteroreceptors on the nerve terminal; adrenergic neurochemistry= reserpine (depletes all sympathetic nerve terminals aka causes a terminal sympathectomy throughout the body), amphetamine (gets into the nerve terminal and causes release of norepi; this is an indirect agonist), sympathomimetic drugs (direct/indirect), adrenoceptor blocking drugs, cocaine/tricyclicantidepressants (block norepi transporter back into nerve so this increases the norepi in the synapse so sympathomimetic response)

Front 11

the biosynthetic pathway for catecholamine neurotransmitters

Back 11

there are very small differences in the chemical structure of tyrosine, dopamine, epi, and norepi but this allows for very different actions

Front 12

termination of neurotransmission through what

Back 12

degradation (ACh through AChase), diffusion (like norepi), reuptake (like norepi)

Front 13

autonomic receptors: 2 major types and their divisions

Back 13

cholinoceptor (acetylcholine)= nicotinic (ionotropic (n (neuron), m (muscle))), muscarinic (G protein coupled (M1-5)); adrenoceptor (epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine)= alpha (alpha1 and alpha2) G protein coupled, beta (Beta1-3) G protein coupled, dopaminergic receptors (dopamine), and dopamine (D1) G protein coupled

Front 14

nicotinic receptors

Back 14

ion channel (ionotropic) that allows sodium to go through when two ACh bind to the channel

Front 15

muscarinic receptors

Back 15

G protein coupled; muscarinic 2 and 4 act through stimulation of a G protein coupled receptor that is coupled to the alphai subunit (inhibits cyclic AMP and decreases ACh levels); muscarinic 1, 3, and 5 act through stimulation of a G protein coupled receptor that is coupled to the alphaq subunit (results in stimulation of phospholipase C which releases triglycerides which releases DAG (which stimulates PKC) and inositolphosphate (causes the release of intracellular Ca2+)); so 2 and 4 cause inhibitory effect in effector organs and 1, 3, and 5 cause stimulatory effects in effector organs

Front 16

alpha receptors are what

Back 16

EXCITATORY everywhere but the GUT where they are inhibitory

Front 17

beta receptors are what

Back 17

INHIBITORY everywhere but the HEART where they are excitatory

Front 18

adrenergic neurotransmitter: isoproterenol rank order of potency

Back 18

beta1=beta2=beta3>>>>>>>alpha1=alpha2; so a beta agonist primarily

Front 19

adrenergic neurotransmitter: norepinephrine rank order of potency

Back 19

alpha1=alpha2=beta1=beta3>>>>>beta2

Front 20

adrenergic neurotransmitter: epinephrine rank order of potency

Back 20

alpha1=alpha2=beta1=beta2=beta3

Front 21

adrenergic neurotransmitter: dopamine rank order of potency

Back 21

DA1>beta1>alpha1

Front 22

adrenergic receptors: receptors activated by EPI/NE

Back 22

alpha adrenergic receptors (epinephrine>isoproterenol) --> alpha1 adrenergic receptors (phenylephrine>clonidine) or alpha 2 adrenergic receptors (clonidine>phenylephrine); beta adrenergic receptors (isoproterenol>epinephrine) --> beta1 adrenergic receptors (EPI=NE), or beta 2 adrenergic receptors (EPI>NE), or beta3 adrenergic receptors (NE>EPI)

Front 23

signal transduction by alpha1 adrenergic receptors

Back 23

stimulation of phospholipase C just like the 1, 3, and 5 of the muscarinic so cause stimulatory effects on effector organs

Front 24

signal transduction by alpha2 and beta adrenergic receptors

Back 24

alpha2 inhibits adenylate cyclase and decrease cyclic AMP (just like the 2 and 4 of the muscarinic) so cause inhibitory effects on effector organs; all of the betas stimulate cyclic AMP

Front 25

parasympathetic division pharmacology

Back 25

lungs= M3; heart= M2; stomach= M3/M1; bladder= M3

Front 26

ss

Back 26

ss

Front 27

interplay of SAS and PNS

Back 27

neuromodulation, physiological antagonism, physiological cooperation

Front 28

modulation of neurotransmission= sources of modulators of neurotransmission

Back 28

from nerve terminal being modulated (e.g. autoinhibitory feedback), from postsynaptic/postjunctional site (e.g. transsynaptic/transjunctional inhibitory feedback), from nearby nerve terminal (cross talk), and from remote site via circulation (e.g. renin release)

Front 29

mechanisms of neuromodulation

Back 29

those autoreceptor and heteroreceptors that we discussed before; so alpha2 receptors that bind norepi/epi are going to decrease the release of NE from a neuron

Front 30

the effect of sympathetic on parasympathetic in the gut

Back 30

sympathetic= stimulation of alpha2 receptors on cholinergic nerve terminals to inhibit ACh release so this slows down the gut

Front 31

what are parasympathomimetics

Back 31

aka cholinomimetics; drugs that facilitate or mimic some or all of the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system; either direct acting like muscarinic receptor agonists or indirect acting like anticholinesterases (either reversible or irreversible)

Front 32

what are parasympatholytics

Back 32

aka anticholinergics; drugs that reduce or inhibit some or all of the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system; muscarinic receptor antagonists or ganglionic blocking drugs

Front 33

what are sympathomimetics

Back 33

drugs that facilitate or mimic some or all of the actions of the sympathetic nervous system; either direct acting, mixed acting, or indirect acting

Front 34

2 types of direct acting sympathomimetics

Back 34

alpha adrenergic agonists or beta adrenergic agonists

Front 35

2 types of indirect acting sympathomimetics

Back 35

drugs that block NE uptake or drugs that facilitate NE release

Front 36

what are sympatholytics

Back 36

drugs that reduce or inhibit some or all of the actions of the sympathetic nervous system

Front 37

examples of sympatholytics

Back 37

centrally acting sympatholytics; ganglionic blocking drugs; adrenergic neuronal blocking drugs= drugs that inhibit NE synthesis,NE depleting drugs, presynaptic inhibition of release; adrenergic antagonists

Front 38

autonomic control in the eye

Back 38

ciliary body produces intraocular fluid which then travels past the lens to the anterior chamber and then through the trabecular meshwork to the canal of schlemm which absorbs it; sympathomimetic drugs can act here for glaucoma

Front 39

control of BP

Back 39

mABP (mean arterial blood pressure which the brain looks at)=CO x TPR; CO= HR x SV; SV= CF x VR; brain can control the heart (chronotropy and inotropy), the venous system (proload), and the arterial system (afterload)

Front 40

parasympathetic neurons from the spinal cord: pre and post synaptic

Back 40

only comes out of the cranium (medulla) or sacrum regions (cranisacral distribution) to innervate cardiac and smooth muscle, gland cells, and nerve terminals; pre terminates close to the effector organ and releases ACh on a nicotinic receptor; post terminates on the effector organ and releases ACh on muscarinic receptors

Front 41

sympathetic neurons from the spinal cord: pre and post synaptic

Back 41

comes out of thoracolumbar spine; pre terminates in the sympathetic spinal ganglion close to the spine and releases ACh on nicotinic receptors; post terminates on the effector organ and releases either ACh on muscarine receptors (sweat glands), NE on alpha or beta receptors (cardiac and smooth muscle, gland cells, and nerve terminals), dopamine on dopamine receptors (renal vascular smooth muscle), and ACh on muscarinic receptor (stimulates sweat glands); can also stimulate the adrenal medulla (chromaffin cells) to release the neurohormones epi and norepi (this is only a 1 neuron path with ACh on nicotinic receptors in the adrenal medulla)

Front 42

voluntary motor neurons from spinal cord

Back 42

one neuron from spinal cord terminates on effector muscle and releases ACh on nicotinic receptor