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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What Is Project Quality
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Conformance to requirements: the project’s processes and products meet written specifications
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What Is Project Quality
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Fitness for use: a product can be used as it was intended
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Project quality management ensures
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that the project will satisfy the needs for which it was undertaken
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Quality Processes include
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Planning quality: identifying which quality standards are relevant to the project and how to satisfy them; a metric is a standard of measurement
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Quality Processes include
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Performing quality assurance: periodically evaluating overall project performance to ensure the project will satisfy the relevant quality standards
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Quality Processes include
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Performing quality control: monitoring specific project results to ensure that they comply with the relevant quality standards
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Plan Quality
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Qulity Management plan, Quality metrics, quality checklists, process improvement plan, project document updates
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Executing: Perform quality assurance
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organizational process asset updates, change requests, project management plan updates, project document updates
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Monitoring and Controlling: Perform quality control
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quality control measurements, validate changes, validate deliverables, organizational asset updates, change requests, project management plan updates, project document updates
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Scope Aspects of IT Projects: functionality
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is the degree to which a system performs its intended function
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Scope Aspects of IT Projects: features
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are the system’s special characteristics that appeal to users
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Scope Aspects of IT Projects: System outputs
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are the screens and reports the system generates
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Scope Aspects of IT Projects: Performance
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addresses how well a product or service performs the customer’s intended use
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Scope Aspects of IT Projects: Reliability
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is the ability of a product or service to perform as expected under normal conditions
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Scope Aspects of IT Projects: Maintainability
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addresses the ease of performing maintenance on a product
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Who’s Responsible for the Quality of Projects
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Project managers are ultimately responsible for quality management on their projects
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Quality assurance includes
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all the activities related to satisfying the relevant quality standards for a project
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Benchmarking generates
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ideas for quality improvements by comparing specific project practices or product characteristics to those of other projects or products within or outside the performing organization
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A quality audit is
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a structured review of specific quality management activities that help identify lessons learned that could improve performance on current or future projects
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The main outputs of quality control are
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Acceptance decisions, rework, Process adjustments
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Seven Basic tools of Quality
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Cause and effect diagrams (fishbone, Ishikawa diagrams, 5 whys), quality control charts, run chart, scatter diagram, histograms, pareto charts, flow charts
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Statistical Sampling
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involves choosing part of a population of interest for inspection
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Six Sigma is
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a comprehensive and flexible system for achieving, sustaining, and maximizing business success. Six Sigma is uniquely driven by close understanding of customer needs, disciplined use of facts, data, and statistical analysis, and diligent attention to managing, improving, and reinventing business processes
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DMAIC is
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a systematic, closed-loop process for continued improvement that is scientific and fact based
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DMAIC stands for
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Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control
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sigma means
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Standard deviation measures how much variation exists in a distribution of data
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Six 9s of quality is Six 9s of quality is
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a measure of quality control equal to 1 fault in 1 million opportunities
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Testing should be done
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during almost every phase of the IT product development life cycle
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Unit testing tests
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each individual component (often a program) to ensure it is as defect-free as possible
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Integration testing occurs
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between unit and system testing to test functionally grouped components
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User acceptance testing is
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an independent test performed by end users prior to accepting the delivered system
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Watts S. Humphrey
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a renowned expert on software quality, defines a software defect as anything that must be changed before delivery of the program
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Humphrey suggests
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that people rethink the software development process to provide no potential defects when you enter system testing; developers must be responsible for providing error-free code at each stage of testing
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As Joseph M. Juran said
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It is most important that top management be quality-minded. In the absence of sincere manifestation of interest at the top, little will happen below
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The cost of quality is
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the cost of conformance plus the cost of nonconformance
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Conformance means
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delivering products that meet requirements and fitness for use
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Cost of nonconformance means
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means taking responsibility for failures or not meeting quality expectations
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Five Cost Categories Related to Quality
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prevention, appraisal, internal failure, external failure, measurement and test equipment costs
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Prevention cost
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cost of planning and executing a project so it is error-free or within an acceptable error range
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Appraisal cost:
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cost of evaluating processes and their outputs to ensure quality
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Internal failure cost:
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cost incurred to correct an identified defect before the customer receives the product
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External failure cost:
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cost that relates to all errors not detected and corrected before delivery to the customer
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Measurement and test equipment costs
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capital cost of equipment used to perform prevention and appraisal activities
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Organizational Influences, Workplace Factors, and Quality
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A dedicated workspace and a quiet work environment were key factors to improving programmer productivity
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Study by DeMarco and Lister
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showed that organizational issues had a much greater influence on programmer productivity than the technical environment or programming languages
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Expectations and Cultural Differences in Quality
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Expectations also vary by:
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Maturity models are
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frameworks for helping organizations improve their processes and systems
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The Software Quality Function Deployment Model focuses
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on defining user requirements and planning software projects
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CMMI levels, from lowest to highest, are:
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incomplete, performed, managed, defined, quantitatively managed, optimizing
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PMI’s Maturity Model
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Addresses standards for excellence in project, program, and portfolio management best practices and explains the capabilities necessary to achieve those best practices
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