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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Representation Vehicles |
A representation is something that represents –a stand in for something |
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Represented Object |
Anything can be representedeg. Material things, events etc |
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What is meaning? (referent and Content) |
- What a representation is about REFERENT: the represented object itself – the thing a representing vehiclepoints to CONTENT: This is how the object is described or portrayed by the representingvehicle |
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Words and Sentences Meanings |
- Part of representing vehicles known aslanguage - Combined to form larger structures eg. Phrases, sentences, paragraphs, books - order of words governed by grammar – tacit set of rules to organise intolarger structures |
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Linguistic meaning |
- Words get their meaning via convention becausetheir properties are arbitrarily related to the objects they represent –opposite to images- The meaning of a sentence depends on: 1. The meaning of its parts (words) 2. The way those units are arranged |
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Pierce’s Triadic Analysis |
QUESTIONS 1. How does a thing get to be a representing vehicle in the first place? 2. How to representing vehicles get their meaning? Comprehensive answer – Triadic analysis Three things essentially involved in representation - Represented object - Representing vehicle - Interpretation |
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Pierces Triadic Analysis: 1. being a representation |
1. BEING A REPRESENTATION- something is a representing vehicle if the following conditions are met: 1. The vehicle represents an object to a subject2. The vehicle produces an interpretation in the subject eg. Thought about theobject 3. Interpretation = a relationship between object and subject A representing vehicle can play this role – because subject understands therelationship between the vehicle and the object. |
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Draw Pierce's Triadic Analysis |
See representing vehicle – think of representedobject – interpretation (something you know) |
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Pierce's Triadic Analysis 2. GETTING A MEANING |
how do representing vehicles get meaning? - Return to Referent/Content |
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P Analysis: GROUNDS OF MEANING |
Pierce argues meaning is determined by the relationship between a vehicle andits object He suggests grounding relationships: 1. Causation à cause or create eg. Knock on door2. Convention à social convention eg. Siren 3. Resemblance à similarity eg. Graph |
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P Analysis: Styles of Representation |
these relationships are associated with distinctkinds of representing vehicles 1. Index àmeaning of index determined by spatiotemporal or casual connection 2. Symbol à determine by convention or system ofconventions 3. Icon àkind of resemblance relationship - Most aren’t any eg. Maps |
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What is Dualism |
- minds not entirely physical - assumes there are two different kinds of stuff in the universe 1. Physical stuff eg. Tables 2. Non physical stuff eg. Experiences, thoughts - opposed to materialism every is physical in world - beyond explanatory reach of the sciences = mind |
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Substance Dualism |
SUBSTANCE DUALISM = mental phenomena activitiesof a unique “non physical” mind substance independent of any physical body thatit may be temporarily attached to |
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Advantages of Substance Dualism |
ADVANTAGES (Descartes)- Physical (extension in space) and mental stuff (conscious thought) 1. Method of doubt = can doubt material body = having body not essential to being a thinking thing = two differentstuff 2. Inconceivable any physical thing could be capable of rational behaviour |
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Disadvantages of Substance Dualism |
DISADVANTAGES1. Spatial location = mental experiences associated with my physical body andnot others 2. No evolutionary history? 3. Neural dependence = mental phenomena associated with functioning parts ofbrain 4. Casual efficacy = how can non physical substance have an effect in physicalworld? |
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Property Dualism |
PROPERTY DUALISM = mental phenomena are nonphysical properties of the physical brain generated by physical activities ofthe brain - how produced? = mysterious |
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Advantages of property Dualism |
ADV.Spatial location = associated with body as produced by brain Evolutionary history = nonphysical evolved when physical did Neural Dependence = mental phenomena associated with functioning of brain asgenerated by that part |
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Disadvantages of property dualism |
DISAV.Causal efficacy = same problem |
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Computational theory of mind |
materialists = how mental representationsshape behaviour - brains do computations over these representations - Not repugnant because computers made in our own image - Interaction of a number of representative vehicles eg. Perceptions, beliefsand desires - interaction = appropriate behaviour |
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Digital Computation |
Digital Computation- classical computation of the mind theory - human brain = complex collection of digital computers which processesdifferent symbols and rules (ie programs) - point to impressive successes ofdigital artificial intelligence to produce intelligent behaviour |
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Analog Computation |
Analog Computation - Connectionism- Human brain = interconnected coalition of analog computers - Point to successes of artificial neural networks in generating intelligentbehaviour |
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Something it is like |
“Something it is like”- striking feature of mind is there is somethingit is like to have one – nagel - for any conscious experience there is “something like it” to undergo it - called phenomenal experience |
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Is Phenomenal Consciousness Scientificallyexplicable? |
Is Phenomenal Consciousness Scientificallyexplicable? - claim we will never explain consciousness - main argument = nature of reductive explanation, and the distinction betweenobjective reality and subjective appearance - conclusion = consciousness is “ontologically subjective” and beyond the reachof scientific explanation |
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Direct Approach to Consciousness |
- Explain how neurons = consciousness - isolate those neurons whose activity linked with consciousness - Binocular rivalry experiment – two images but perceptual experiencealternates between 2 images - Disassociates alternating perceptual experience from constant stimulus |
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Problems Direct Approach |
Problems:- when examine neural activity associated with specific element ofconsciousness (eg. Facial recognition) nothing distinguishing from other kindsof conscious experience or non-conscious experience |
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Indirect Approach |
Indirect approach to Consciousness- determine function of consciousness - two conceptions of consciousness: |
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Commonsense (Indirect approach) |
- perceptual experience = direct contact withworld - principal functions is to provide direct access problems: - Dreams - Hallucinations - Visual illusions no doesn’t provide direct access beyond our heads |
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Scientific |
function = combine all information from sensoryareas to construct integrated, global model of our world – our virtual reality - GWT - but GWT doesn’t produce a intelligible connection between brain andphenomenal experiences - Good place to start – still a mystery |
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What are selves? |
comlex edifices brains create - constructed from self representationwith contents aboust past present future - bounded by self directed narrative and memory |
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Varieties of Selfhood |
1. Self is a subject owner of consciousexperiences = subjective self 2. Self is a bounded object segregated from rest of world = embodied self 3. Self is purposive agent makes decisions, behaviour = agentive self 4. Self is extended over time personal history = autobiographical self |
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Breakdowns in selfhood s |
subjective self = delusions in schizophrenia embodied self = somatoparaphrenia agentive self = alien hand syndrome autobiographical self = amnesia/ split personality disorder |
