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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Def of chemistry
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science that deals with the composition, structure, properties of matter and how they change under different conditions
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How does organic chemistry differ from inorganic chemistry?
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organic chemistry studies substances that contain carbon (plastic, synthetic fibers, gasoline) where
inorganic studies compounds that do not contain carbon and did not origonate from living things (metals, minerals, pure air and clean water) |
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Def of matter
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any substance that occupies space and has mass(weight). It has physical properties but not all things we see are matter. For example light=energy.
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Def of element
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simplist form of matter that can NOT be broken down with out loosing its identity
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How many elements are on the periodic table
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90
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What is the smallest particle of an element?
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atom
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What 3 parts are in an atom
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protons (positive charge)
neutrons (neutral charge) electrons (negative charge) |
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What keeps an atom stable?
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the same # of protons as electrons.
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What is formed by joining 2 or more atoms chemically?
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molecule
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What are the 2 types of molecules?
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elemental
compound |
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How does an elemental molecule differ from a compound molecule?
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atoms of the same element are united chemically vs atoms from different elements
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What are the 3 states can matter be in
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solid
liquid gas |
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How does temp change the composition of water?
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ice to water to steam
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Def a solid
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definate size(volume) and shape
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Def liquid
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definate size but not shape... liquid takes on the shape of the container it is in.
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Def gas
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no definate size or shape
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What are physical properties of a substance?
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those characteristics that can be determined with out a chemical reaction and do not cause change in the identity of the substance (hardness, melting pt, density, color or weight)
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What are chemical properties of a substance?
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these can only be determined with a chemical change w/in the identity of the substance (oxidazation of iron=rust)
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Will a physical change form a new substance?
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no
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Does a chemical change of a substance create a new substance?
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yes
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What is the lightest element?
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hydrogen=gas
It is flammable and explosive when mixed with air |
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What is the most abondant element?
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oxygen=gas
combinds with most other elements to form compounds called "oxides" supports combustion |
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What are the most common forms we see nitrogen in?
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ammonia and nitrates
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What gaseous mixture is essential to all plant and animal life?
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air (1 part oxygen to 4 parts nitrogen + small amounts of carbon dioxide, ammonia and organic matter)
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What is the most abondant of all substances?
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water
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What is the most common ingred in cosmetics?
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water
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What role does water play in cosmetic products?
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1.replenisihes mosture in the skin
2. helps keep ingred in a solution 3. helps the spreadability of the product |
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What is H2O2
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Hydorgen peroxide
in hair coloring and at 3% is an antiseptic |
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What does pH stand for?
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potential hydrogen
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Define pH
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is the relative degree of acidity or alkalinity as measured on a scale of 0-14
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What color will litmus paper turn if exposed to acid?
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blue to red
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What color will litmus paper turn if exposed to alkalies?
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red to blue
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What is another word for alkalies?
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bases
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Where on the logarithmic scale is the pH of acid, alkaline and neutral?
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acid is 7 or less
alkaline is 7 or greater 7 is neutral |
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Name 3 examples of acidic items
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skin
pure rain vinegar |
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Name something with a neutral pH
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distilled H2O
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Name 3 "bases"... items with alkaline pH
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lye
ammonia baking soda |
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What is the result of extreme pH variations in the skin?
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1. skin can burn
2. skin can be irritated 3. cause damage to the acid mantle |
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What is a buffering agent?
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agent added to a product to maintain the pH and produce the desired effect or outcome
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What is acid-alkali neutralization?
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when acid and alkali are mixed in equal proportions to neuytralize eachother and form H2O+salt
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What is chemical oxidation?
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when oxygen is added to a substance
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What is a chemical redox reaction (reduction reaction)?
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when oxygen is removed from a substance
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Why does oxidation and reduction happen at the same time?
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because when one substance gains an O
another looses an O |
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Define combustion
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rapid oxidation of a substance accompanied by the production of heat and light (lighting a match)
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What are 2 purposes for anti-oxidants in skin care?
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1. to stabilize products so they don't spoil
2. neutralize free rads in the skin that when left alone create irratation, damage DNA and cause disease. |
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What 3 types of mixtures do we see in cosmetics?
What makes them different? |
solutions
suspensions emulsions the difference depends on the size of the particles and the solubility |
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Describe a solution
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particles are small and miscible
there is no surfactant stable mixture (hydogen peroxide) |
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Describe a suspension
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bigger particles than the solution
no surfactant unstable calamine lotion or salad dressing |
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Describe an emulsion
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largest particles
immiscible surfactant limited stability |
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Define a solution
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uniform mixture of 2 or more mutually mixable substances
the... solute and solvant |
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What is a solute
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any substance that is dissoved by a solvant to form a solution
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What is a solvant
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any substance that disolves the solute to form a solution
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Define miscible
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liq are mutally soluble
water and alcohol |
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Define immiscible
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not mutually soluble
oil and water |
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Will a solution seperate at standing?
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no
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Define suspensions
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a uniform mixture of 2 or more substances that are immiscible and will separate over time (salad dressing or spray paint)
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Define emulsions
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suspensions of a unsable mixture of 2 or more immiscible substances united with the aid of an emulsifier
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Define surfactant
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are used to emulsify oil and water to create an emulsion.
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Explain how a surfactant works
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oil loving tail and a hydophilic water loving head
oil disolves oil and water disolves water and joins the 2 together most skin care products are made of oil and water emulsions |
