Midterm Review

Front 1

1.capitalism
2. laissez faire
3. free-enterprise system


Back 1

-an economic system in which trade, industry, and production are all controlled by private owners
-an economic policy that allows businesses to operate with little to no interference from the government
– a system in which privately owned businesses can compete with other privately owned businesses freely

Front 2

Big business

Back 2

Large scale financial or business activities controlled by powerful businesses.

Front 3

Growth of unions/labor movement

Back 3

these most notably fought for better working conditions, shorter work hours, and higher wages; the act of campaigning for such things became known as a labor movement

Front 4

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

Back 4

A fire in Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, killing 146 people causing the formation of International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union.

Front 5

Trust/monopolies

Back 5

-a group of corporations run by a single board of directors
- a company that controls most or all businesses within a particular industry

Front 6

John D. Rockefeller/Standard Oil

Back 6

Robber Baron, horizontal integration, Standard Oil ruled the Oil Industry

Front 7

Andrew Carnegie/Carnegie Steel

Back 7

Industrialist, Vertical integration, steel industry was dominated by Carnegie Steel

Front 8

Social Darwinism

Back 8

Survival of the fittest

Front 9

Conditions in factories/sweatshops

Back 9

Working conditions within factories and sweatshops were terrible

Front 10

Child Labor

Back 10

Child laborers often worked dangerous jobs to support their low income families

Front 11

Bessemer Process

Back 11

A cheap way to make mass amounts of steel.

Front 12

Push/pull factors of immigration

Back 12

- to leave their countries: famine, lack of prosperity, and lack of freedom
- to come to the United States: abundance of jobs, freedom, and rumors of economic prosperity for all

Front 13

Old/new immigrants

Back 13

- came from northern and western Europe: were often literate, skilled, and had some amount of money
- southern and eastern Europe; were often illiterate, unskilled, and poor

Front 14

Ellis Island

Back 14

An island within the New York Bay that served as a gateway into the United States for arriving immigrants.

Front 15

Emma Lazarus

Back 15

The poet who wrote “The New Colossus”; this poem helped to spread the idea that the Statue was a symbol of immigration

Front 16

Tenements

Back 16

Buildings divided into multiple tiny apartments of which were usually comprised of a single room(no space); these things often became the dwelling places for immigrant families due to their low rent.

Front 17

Irish Potato Famine

Back 17

mass starvation and disease in Ireland - 1845 and 1852- resulted in a massive increase in the amount of Irish immigrants in the United States.

Front 18

Assimilation/acculturation

Back 18

- the occurrence of a person of one culture adopts characteristics of another culture

Front 19

Nativist/nativism

Back 19

a policy that favors the interests of established inhabitants over those of immigrants. Those who support are nativists.

Front 20

Chinese Exclusion Act

Back 20

Prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers.

Front 21

Quota System

Back 21

A system that limited the number of immigrants of a certain race that were able to enter the United States every year.

Front 22

Urbanization

Back 22

the rapid growth and expansion of towns and cities.

Front 23

Progressives

Back 23

those that fought for the issues in need of reform that were present within society, such as political corruption and inequality of rights

Front 24

Muckrakers (Jacob Riis, Lewis Hine, Ida Tarbell, Upton Sinclair)

Back 24

These people are writers and journalists that wrote with the purpose of exposing issues in need of reform. [ This man targeted tenement life, wrote How the Other Half Lives]
[ This guy targeted child labor]
[ This woman targeted monopolies, like Standard Oil]
[This man targeted the meatpacking industry and wrote The Jungle]

Front 25

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Back 25

An act that broke up trusts that cheated the American people.

Front 26

16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th Amendments

Back 26

- allowed the federal government to collect income tax
- establishes the direct election of U.S. senators by popular vote
- prohibits the production, sale, or transport of alcohol
- establishes women’s suffrage

Front 27

Pure Food and Drug Act/Meat Inspection Act/The Jungle

Back 27

- an act that banned the transport of contaminated or mislabeled food or drug products
- an act that required the accurate branding of meat as well as the condemning of meat deemed unfit for human consumption
- a novel written by Upton Sinclair that spoke of the hardships of working class Americans as well as the corruption of the American meatpacking industry

Front 28

Jane Addams/Hull House/settlement houses

Back 28

- a social reformer that fought for women’s suffrage
- a settlement house co-founded by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr in 1889; meant to assist European immigrants; it eventually became a place for the entire neighborhood to enjoy
- centers that provide services and activities to the urban poor

Front 29

Women’s Suffrage

Back 29

- National Woman’s Party (NWP): an organization that fought for women’s rights to be equal to those of men
- National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA: an organization that fought for women’s suffrage, formed as a unification of the National Woman Suffrage Association and the American Woman Suffrage Association

Front 30

Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Carrie Chapman Catt, Alice Paul)

Back 30

- prominent leader in both the Civil Rights and Women’s Rights Movements
- prominent leader in the Women’s Rights Movement, helped organize the first women’s rights convention (Seneca Falls Convention)
- prominent leader in the Women’s Rights Movement, served as president of NAWSA
- suffragist and women’s rights activist, introduced more aggressive methods of campaigning such as protest marches

Front 31

W. E. B. DuBois, Ida B. Well, Booker T. Washington

Back 31

- civil rights activist, founded the NAACP
- suffragist and civil rights activist, documented lynching (murder when the offender has not been proven of any crime) within the United States
- prominent African American leader and educator, encouraged African Americans to improve their educational and economic well-being

Front 32

NAACP

Back 32

 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP): an African American Civil Rights organization within the United States

Front 33

Temperance Movement/Women’s Christian Temperance Movement (WCTU)

Back 33

– a movement that was opposed to the consumption of alcohol
– a woman that supported the temperance movement, promoting her viewpoint by vandalizing establishments that served alcoholic beverages with a hatchet
- a women’s organization that fought for social reform with favoritism towards Christianity and its practices

Front 34

Prohibition

Back 34

- The action of abstaining from or opposing something (opposing alcohol) the 18th amendment established prohibition within the United States until it was repealed by the 21st amendment

Front 35

Compulsory education laws

Back 35

- made it mandatory for children to receive education for a certain period of time

Front 36

William “Boss” Tweed

Back 36

 - corrupt NYC politician within the Democratic Party whom exercised his power through patronage of his supporters

Front 37

Patronage/spoils system

Back 37

- the action of supporting another person or group, usually with money or favors (straight up bribery)
- a practice in which a political party that has won an election awards government jobs to friends and supporters

Front 38

Political machines

Back 38

- political organizations that have enough popularity or power to control a certain government

Front 39

Pendleton Act/civil service

Back 39

- an act that made the awarding of government jobs based on the quality of an individual rather than their political ties or affiliations
- the system under which government jobs are awarded

Front 40

Theodore Roosevelt/trustbuster

Back 40

- the 26th president of the United States; advocated trust-busting and the conservation of nature
- person who breaks up trusts.

Front 41

Conservation


Back 41

The protection of natural resources

Front 42

Robert La Follette/Wisconsin Idea

Back 42

- a Republican who served as a senator of the state of Wisconsin
- a series of political reforms heavily advocated by Robert La Follette, including primary elections, workers’ compensation, and the regulation of railroads by states

Front 43

Direct primaries

Back 43

an election in which a political party nominates candidates to run for an upcoming general election

Front 44

Recall

Back 44

a procedure by which voters can remove an elected official from office before their term had ended (similar to impeaching the President)

Front 45

Referendum

Back 45

occasion when everyone in a country can vote on a particular subject

Front 46

Initiatives

Back 46

a process by which people can suggest a new law by signing a petition