Microbiology Test 2 Flashcards

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Gene Transfer

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refers to the movement of genetic information between organisms

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Recombination

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the combining of genes (DNA) from two different cells

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Vertical Gene Transfer

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when genes pass from parents to offspring

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Horizontal (lateral) Gene Transfer

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pass genes to other microbes of their same generation

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Transformation

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a change in an organisms characteristics because of the transfer of genetic information

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Naked DNA

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DNA that has been released from an organism after the cell is lysed and DNA is no longer incorporated into the chromosomes

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Competence Factor

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this is released into the medium and apparently facilitates the entry of DNA into the cell

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Transduction

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a method of transferring genetic material using a bacteriophage

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Bacteriophage

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a virus that can infect bacteria

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Phage

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composed of a core of nucleic acid covered by a protein coat

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Virulent Phage

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capable of causing infection and the destruction and death of a bacterial cell

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Temperant Phage

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ordinarily does not cause a disruptive infection

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Prophage

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DNA that is incorporated into the host bacterium's DNA

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Lysogeny

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persistence of a prophage without phage replication and destruction of bacterial cells

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Specialized transduction

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A process where only specific portions of bacteria A are taken to bacteria B and the phage inserts at a specific location where they integrate with a chromosome

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another name for horizontal gene transfer

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Conjugation (second name)

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Conjugation

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a process that requires contact between the recipient and donor cells, and larger quantities of DNA are transfered

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circular, double stranded DNA molecules

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F plasmids

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These cells contain the fertility plasmids and make the F pilus

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F+ cells

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these cells lack plasmids and receive the pilus

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F- cells

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F+ pilus

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a conjugation pilus bridge which attaches to the F- cells

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High Frequency Recombination

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These strains arise from F+ strands when the F plasmid is incorporated into the bacterial chromosome at one of several possible sites

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These direct the synthesis of proteins that self assemble into conjugation pili

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F plasmids

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Resistance Plasmids

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these carry genes that provide resistance to various antibodies

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Virulence Plasmids

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carry genes that cause disease

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cause tumor formation in plants

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tumor inducing plasmids

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Transposition

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the ability of a genetic sequence to move from one location to another

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Transposable Element

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a mobile genetic sequence

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Transposon

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a transposable element that contains genes for transposition

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Restriction Enzymes

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Cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequence. Instead of cutting straight across, they leave sticky ends.

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DNA ligase

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Used for permanent union of one nucleotide sequence to another.

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DNA vectors (bacteria plasmid or virus)

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used for moving DNA from test tubes into cells

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Easy isolation of DNA, bacteria cultures grow quickly and rapidly cloning the inserted foreign gene

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Bacteria are commonly used as hosts because

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Protoplast

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an organism with its cell wall removed

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Protoplast fusion

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enzymatically removing cell walls of organisms of two strains and mixing the resulting _________

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Genus and specific epithet

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These two parts of an organisms name identify the species

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Epithet

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a characterizing word or phrase accompanying or occurring in place of the name of the person or thing

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discovered by Escherich in 1888, found in the colon

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meaning of E. coli

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strain

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a subgroup of a species with one or more characteristics that distinguish from other members of the same species

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viruses

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These are infectious agents that are too small to be seen with a light microscope and that are not cells

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capsid

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Surrounding protein coat. Also play a key role in the attachment of some viruses.

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capsomere

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each capsid is composed of these protein subunits

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envelope

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Some viruses have this additional surrounding lipid bilayer membrane.

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virion

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a complete virus particle including envelope if it has one.

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nucleocapsid

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comprises the viral genome together with the capsid

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naked

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viruses with a nucleocapsid and no envelope

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spikes

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projections that extend from the viral envelope that may aid in attachment to the host cell

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Helical Capsid

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consists of a ribbonlike protein that forms a spiral around the nucleic acid

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Polyhedral Capsid

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Many sided capsid

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Orthomyxoviruses

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Medium-sized, enveloped, negative sensed that vary in shape from spherical to helical. Their genome is segmented into eight pieces. RNA virus.

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Reoviruses

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Have a naked, polyhedral capsid. They are medium-sized dsRNA and replicated in the cytoplasm.

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Parvoviridae

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This is the only known family of viruses that has ssDNA

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Herpesvirus

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Relatively large, enveloped with linear dsDNA. Widely distributed in nature and most animals are infected with one or more of the 100 types discovered.

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Papovirus

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Named for three related viruses, the papilloma, polyoma and vacuolating viruses. Small, naked, polyhedral dsDNA that replicate in the nuclei of their host cells. Widely distributed in nature.

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Parvoviruses

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Small, naked linear ssDNA viruses. Their genetic information is so limited that they must enlist the aid of an unrelated helper virus or a dividing host cell to replicate.

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Emerging Virus

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Viruses that were previously endemic (low levels of infection in localized areas) or had "crossed species barriers" - that is expanded their host range to other species.

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Adsorption

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The attachment of viruses to host cells

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Penetration

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Entry of virons (or their genome) into host cells.

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Synthesis

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the stage that includes new nucleic acids, capsid proteins, and other viral components

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Maturation

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assembly of newly synthesized viral components into complete virions

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Release

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departure of new virons from host cells

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Eclipse period

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spans from penetration through biosynthesis (mature virions undetected)

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Latent period

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spans from penetration up to the point of phage release

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Replication curve

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This is the name for the process that is composed of the eclipse and latent periods. It describes viral growth

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Plaque assay

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Method for estimating phage number. Includes serial dilution.

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Binomial Nomenclature

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the system used to name all living things

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Taxonomy

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the science of classification of organisms

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Latent Viral Infections

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Viruses that exhibit a lytic cycle and stay latent within the organism for it's life.

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Parasite

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an organism that lives at the expense of another organism

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Pathogens

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parasites that cause disease

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Biological vector

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a vector in which the parasite goes through part of its life cycle

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Mechanical vector

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a vector in which the parasite does not go through an part of its life cycle during transit (flies that carry parasite eggs, bacteria, or viruses from feces to food)

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Definitive host

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harbor a parasite while it reproduces sexually

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Intermediate hosts

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harbor the parasite during some other developmental stages