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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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is Staphylococci gram - or + and what kind is found on the skin?
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it is gram +, S.epidermis is found in skin flora
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Describe staphylococcus aureus
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Facultative anaerobe, grow well n skin, low moisture food, nose and throat.
produce toxins may be carried on skin w no symptoms |
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What are plasmids?
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circular DNA included in bacteria. self replicating. may carry the genes for toxins.
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Name some conditions associated with toxins?
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Scalded skin syndrome:common in children, lysogenic virus invades bacterium casuing lesions on skin
Toxic shock syndrome:toxin enters bld stream causing fever, vomiting, shock, rash |
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What are bacterial viruses called?
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bacteriophages, bind specifically to bacterium, insert thier DNA
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What are some conditions caused by bacteriophages?
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Diptheria toxin
staphylococcal enterotoxin Clostridium botulinum Strep pneumoniae Vibrio cholerae |
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Antibiotic resistance
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Can be a result of the genes carried on some bacterial plasmids.
Bacteria can transfer this resistance via the plasmids |
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ENDOCRINE DYSFUNCTION
What are the major endocrine glands? |
Pineal Adrenal
Hpothalamus Thymus Pituitary Pancreas Thyroid Ovary Testes |
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What can cause Hypofunction of these glands?
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-Congenital defect/absence of gland
-Damage to gland ie infectn, <bld flow, tumour -Aging:atrophy of gland |
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What is hypofunction of the glands?
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-defective hormone synth
-hormone inactivn by antibodies -defective receptors -antibodies blocking receptor -inadequate synth of 2nd msger |
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What can cause Hyperfunction?
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-impaired -ve feedback system
-autoimmune antibodies mimicking hormones -Hyperplasia of gland >ing hormone synth -Tuomour (glandular/ectopic) |
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What are the hypothamlic hormones?
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Corticotropin releasing hormone
Gonadotropin releasing hormone Thyrotropin rel hormone Growth hormone rel hormone Somatostatin Prolactin inhib hormone |
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What are the efects of these hormones on the anterior pituitary?
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Cortico: >andrenocorticotropic hormone
Gonado:>FSH and LH Thyrotropin: >thyriod stim horm GH:> levels GH Somato: <GH secrn |
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What are the hormones of the anterior pituitary?And where do they effect?
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Adrenocorticotropic: Adrenal cortex
Thyroid stim: thyroid gland GH: most tissue FSH + LH: ovaries + testes Prolactin: mammary glands |
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What is hypopituitarism? what casues this?
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< activity of anter pituit, < levels of ant pit hormones
Causes:Pit infecn :Infecn(Meningitis, tubercul) :Vasc malformn; aneurysm :Tumours Pit > vascularised, vuln to ischemia/ infarcn. |
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What is panhypopituitarism?
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Absence of all ant pit hormones!!!
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Hperpituitarism?
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Caused by piuitary adenoma from cels of ant pit
Adenoma= usually benign tumour, may cause > secrn. ie:adenoma tissue secretes hormone without regulation |
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GH: Hyposecrn, what is the cause and what are the symptoms?
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Cause: genetic mutation or tumours
Causes dwarfism Symptoms: short, immature features, delayed puberty, fasting hypoglyc, normal intelligence |
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GH: Hypersecrn, cause and symptoms?
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cause: GH secreting tumour
ACROMEGALY: occurs in adults exposed to > levels GH GIGANTISM: > GH in children & adolescents |
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Hyperprolactinemia:
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prim cause: Prolactin secreting tumour
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Gonadotropin deficiency symptoms?
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atrpohy of sexual organs or no development of them(pre-puberty)
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Adrenocorticotroipc defeiciency
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Usually present with generalised pit hypofn, not usualy isolated
results in: < gluconeogenesis+ hypoglyc |
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TSH deficiency
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Usually present with generalised pit hypofn, rarely isolated
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Disorders of posterior pituitary, which hormones are released from here?
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ADH
oxytocin |
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Diabetes insipidus. Causes and symptoms?
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Causes: < ADH prodn(neurogenic) OR inadequate response to ADH (nephrogenic)
Symp:ployuria, > thirst, dilute urine, dehydrn, >plasam osmo ie cant keep up with >++ h2o loss |
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What is SIADH?
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syndrom of inappropriate ADH secretion = >++ levels ADH
Cause: ectopic prodn ADH (assoc wi some forms cancer, secrn by tumour cells) Symptoms: > h20 retention |
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Thyriod gland, where is it and what does it secrete?
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it is inferior to larynx, rich bld supply
secretes THYROXINE + CLACITONIN |
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How does thyroxine effect the body?
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> basal metab rate
> heat prodn Tissue growth/devel norm skel growth NS reactivity >HR + CO |
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Hypothyroidism, causes?
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most common disorder of thyroid
< prodn T3 and T4 due to: -iodine < -defective horm synth from autoimmune destrn of thyroid -congenital defect. |
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What is cretanism? what are some symptoms?
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Congenital hypothyroidism.
Mental retardn stunted growth lethargy < metab rate < body temp <musc tone myxedema of oral tissues |
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What is myxedema?
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It is a characteristic sign of severe or long term hypothyroidism. result of altern in composn of dermal tissue, binds h20 = edema +
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Symptoms of hypothyroidism?
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myxedema
NS depression slow reflexes < metab rate <strok vol, HR and CO <protein synth |
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What is Goiter?
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caused by insufficient iodine in diet. causes hypothyroidism, = increase of TSH, stims > growth thyriod
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Hyperthyroidism?
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Most common cause is Graves disease = autoimmune disease which stops norm reg systems
thyroid autoantibodies function like TSH, stim thyroid hormone secrn |
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What are the symptoms of graves disease?
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> metab rate
> sweating, heat intolerant pop eyes nervousness, irritabilty insomnia emotional instability > catabolism >HR, SV and CO |
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What does the parathyroid gland do?
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secretes parathyroid hormone. Parathyriod hormone acts on tissue, bones, kidneys
to increase Ca levels. |
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What is hyperparathyroidism caused by and symptoms?
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caused by -tumour - pararthyrd gland hyperplasia
too much Ca, increasd bone breakdown, kidney stones, > cardiac contractility |
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Hypoparathyroidism cause and symptoms?
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Commonly caused by damage to parathyroid during surgery
<Ca but > Po4 symptoms: > musc/nerve excitability < cardiac contractility muscle spasms |
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What hormones does the pancreas secrete?
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Alpha cells: glucagon
Beta cells: insulin |
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Type 1 Diabetes mellitus what is it and what can cause it?
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pancreatic atrophy and loss of B cells. can be from autoimmune destrn of B cells OR from disease ie pancreatitis
Autoimm cause: mumps, epstein barr |
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What are the effects on the body in type 1 diabetes mellitus?
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Lack of insulin, gluc cant enter cells, body must use another way to get energy. resulting in hyperglycemia, and ketoacidosis.
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Symptoms Type 1 DM?
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> urine, > thirst > hunger, weight loss, fatigue.
sever dehydrn, metabolic acidosis, electrolyte disturbance. treat w insulin injections (IDDM) |
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Type II diebetes (NIDDM) characterised by?
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insulin present, but not enough.
casued by: < in B cells, insulin resistance in gluc metab, < insulin secrtd by pancreas Causes unknown!! |
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What is insulin resistance?
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tissues dont respond to insulin.
possibl causes: abnormal insulin molecules, < insulin receps, abnormal receps. |
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Chronic complications of diabetes
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microvasc: nephron and retina probs
Macrovasc: coronary artery diseae, stroke, periph vasc disease |
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Describe microvascular disease
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Disease of small BV charcterised by: thickening of capills, endothelial hyperplasia, thrombosis, < tissue perfusion
Hyperglycemia causes it, glucose gets bound to bld and tissues. |
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What is diabetic neuropathy?
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poorly understood. loss of sensory and motor function, tingling, numbness, musc wkness, incontinence, sexual dysfn
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Adrenal cortex what does it do?
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secretes steriod hormones(cortciosteriods)
3 categories: mineralocorticoids(outer layer) :glucocorticoids(middle layer) :androgens(inside layer) |
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What are mineralocorticoids important for?
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conrol of fluid and electrolyte balance
ie aldosterone! effects kidneys to increase water and sloute reabsorption, rel in response to < fliud volums |
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What are glucocorticoids for?
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control of energy metabolism. target liver, muscle adipose to promote gluconeogenesis in liver, moblises fatty acids fro breakdown, and protein too.
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What are Androgens for?
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Supplement sex hormones. release stim by adrenocorticotropic hormone: sex drive in females, insig in males
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What is hypercortisolism?
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> ACTH secrn, Cushings disease
characterised by:Inulin resistance, musc/bone wasting, buffalo hump, collagen loss, immunu supprn, mood changes, easy bruising, acne, trunk obesity, moon face |
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Hypersecretion of adrenal androgen and estrogens?
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caused by adrenal tumours, > ACTH secrn, defects in steriod synth
hypersecrn of estrogens Results in devel of femal sex characteristics hypersecrn of androgens results in male devel |
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What is Addisdons disease?
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Comlete/partial failure of adrenocrtical fn. all 3 fns lost (minerlocorticod, glucocorticoid, androgen)
commonly caused bu autoimmune destrn of adrenal cortex |
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symptoms of Addisons disease?
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characterised by >ACTH levels with not corticoid synth/output
:wkness, anorexia, neausea, hypoglyceamia, hypotn, loss of sex characteristics |
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Adrenal medulla hyperfunction? (no known probs w hypofn)
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caused by tumour of adr medulla.
: hypertn :tachycardia :hypermetabolism :gluc intolerance |
