Microbiology -Mycology And Parasitology

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two kinds of organism’s living together [microbiota + human host]

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Symbiosis

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Relationship where one organism benefits, but the other is neither harmed nor benefits from the relationships.
(Ex. Corynebacteria on eye surface; Saprophytic mycobacteria that inhabit ear and external genitalia)

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Commensalism

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Relationship between organisms where both organisms benefit.

(Ex. Cud chewing cows that ferment cellulose via gut bacteria; and E. coli synthesizes Vit. B/K in human)

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Mutualism

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Relationship where one organism benefits or lives at the expense of the other.

(pathogenic bacteria, protozoa)

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Parasitism

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These parasites live on the outside of the body.

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Ectoparasites

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A parasite that live inside the host

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Endoparasite

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where the parasite lives

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Host

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A parasite that is entirely dependent upon a host for its survival.

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Obligate parasite

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A parasite that does not leave its host, once inside

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Permanent parasite

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A parasite that lives free of its host during part of its life cycle.

(Ex.biting insects)

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Temporary parasites

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one that parasitizes an organism other than the usual host

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Accidental parasites

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The organism in which a parasite passes its adult and sexual existence. (Final host and place of sexual reproduction)

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Definite Host

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The organism in which a juvenile parasite passes its larval or asexual stage of existence

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Intermediate Host

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One that accidentally harbors an organism that is not ordinarily parasitic in the particular species.

(Ex. Echinococcus granulosus is a tapeworm that can use a human as an accidental host)

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Accidental Host

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When parasites are very specific, not only about the type of host, but also the organ and/or tissue which they infect.

(Ex. Rabies virus ultimately infects nerve tissue of mammal.)

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Host Specificity

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unicellular, non-filamentous organisms that are typically spherical/oval

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Yeast

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multicellular, filamentous organisms; long filaments of cells joined together

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Mold

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Cells ---> hyphae ---> filaments ---> mycelium

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Building path for mold

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Any of the threadlike filaments forming the mycelium of a fungus

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Hyphae

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Hyphae contain these internal crosswalls, which divide the hyphae into separate cells.

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Septa

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These hyphae lack septa

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Coenocytic Hyphae

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The septa of many species have these, which allow cytoplasm to flow freely from one cell to the next.

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Pores

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What purpose might free cytoplasmic movement between hyphae cells serve?

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Cytoplasmic movement within the hypha3 provides a means to transport materials, nutrients, etc.

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A dense mass of hyphae or the fuzz that appears on food

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Mycelium

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The cell walls of fungi are composed of what substance?

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Chitin

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How do hyphae grow?

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Hyphae grow by elongating at tips. Each part of the hyphae is capable of growth. So when a fragment breaks off, the fragment can establish itself on a substrate and grow into new hyphae.

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portion of hyphae that obtains nutrients and penetrates the substrate

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Vegetative Hyphae

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The part of hypha involved with reproduction. It projects above the surface of the medium on which the fungus is growing. It often contains reproductive spores.

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Reproductive or Aerial Hypha

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Functions of chitin

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provide rigidity and strength; resist high osmotic pressures

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How do mold reproduce?

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Asexually by fragmentation of their hyphae and by fungal reproductive spores (asexual and sexual).

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Provide molds with both sexual and asexual means of reproduction; formed from aerial hyphae; and less tolerant of adverse conditions than its bacterial counterpart.

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Fungal Reproductive Spores

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spores that form from the hyphae of one organism; they clone via mitosis and cell division; they detach from parent and germinates into new mold.

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Asexual spores

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molds produce these spores less frequently.

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Sexual spores

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facultative anaerobic

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an aerobic organism that can grow with or without oxygen

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These spores are reproductive and less tolerant of adverse conditions than endospores.

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fungal spores

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This type of yeast may be seen as a white powdery coating on fruits and vegetables.

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Nonfilamentous

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division that produces 2 new daughter cells

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fission

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It divides, then the divided ½ migrates into a bud that elongates and breaks off

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Budding

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A type of reproduction, wherein buds fail to detach after forming.

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Pseudohypha

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A Dimorphic fungi is mold-like at what temperature?

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25 degrees C

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A Dimorphic fungi is yeast-like at what temperature?

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37 degrees C

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What are some major differences between fungi and bacteria?

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*Grow better in acidic environments
(pH of 5-6 [bacteria 6.5-7.5])
* Fungi are more resistant to osmotic pressure than bacteria.
-Grow in higher sugar/salt
*Fungi require much less moisture than bacteria
* Fungi require much less nitrogen than bacteria
*Fungi are capable of metabolizing complex carbohydrates