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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Defenses of Urinary Tract
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Urinary Tract:
-urinating (removes substances from blood, regulates certain body processes, forms urine and transports it out of the body) includes kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra defenses: -flushing action of urine -desquamation of epithelial cells -acidity -antibacterial proteins -IgA? |
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Genital System of male
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testes
epididymis vas deferens prostate gland scotum penis |
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Female Genital Sytem
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uterus
fallopian tubes ovaries vagina Defenses: -mucous is major defense with secretory IgA antibodies during childhood and after menopause changes in pH during reproductive years |
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Normal Biota of Urinary Tract
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outer region of urethra has normal biota
nonhemolytic streptocci, spah, corynebacteria, lactobacilli Male: same as urethra Female: normal population of microbes -lactobacillusi species -candida albaicans at low levels yeast infection: the normal biota grow a little too much |
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Urinary Tract Infections (UTI's)
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urine is a good growth medium for many microorganisms
reduced urine flow or accidental introduction of bacteria into the bladder can result in cystitis if the infection also affects the kidneys it is called pyelonephritis an infection only in the urethra: urethritis |
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Cystitius
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sudden onset of symptoms
pain in pubic area frequently need to urinate even if no urine, burning when uriniating because of microbes in urine it looks cloudy orange tinge to urine (hematuria) fever, nausea back pain indicates kidneys may be involved |
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What are the most common things that are associated with diseases?
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Things that are in the normal biota
like e. coli, staph |
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Leptospirosis
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zoonosis associated with touching animal urine
can affect kidneys, liver, brain, eyes major effect is on kidneys- shed inot environment through animal urine two phases: early: -sudden high fever, chills, headache, conjunctivitis, vomiting second phase: -weils syndrome (kidney invasion) ect. can be caused by infected water vaccine is available |
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Urinary Schistosomiasis
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microbe lodges into blood vessels of bladder, may or may not have symptoms
itchiness of area where the worm enters body, fever, chills, diarrhea, cough urinary tract symptoms occur later which may include blood in the urine and bladder obstruction "cloaking"- can switch around proteins so it changes what the protein is on the surface so antibodies don't work |
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Reproductive Diseases
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many transmitted through sexual contact (but not all are)
three broad categories of STD: -discharge -ulcer -wart |
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Vaginitis and Vaginosis
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inflammation of the vagina
vaginal itching to some degree burning and sometimes a discharge symptoms depend of the etiologic agent |
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Candida Albicans
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normal biota living in low numbers
if grows rapidly and causes a yeast infection -white vaginal discharge occurs when growing rapidly they cause chains called hyphae, or psuedohyphae can go back and forth between partners opportunistic |
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Gardnerella Species
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infection called vaginosis rather than vaginitis because inflammation in the vagina does not occur
vaginal discharge with fishy odor, after sex itchy opportunistic |
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Tichomonas Vaginalis
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asymtomatic infections in 50% of females and males
some people have long term negative effects greenish discharge direct contact |
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Prostatitis
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Inflammation of the prostate gland
acute or chronic pain in pelvic area, lower back, genital area -frequent urge to urinate -blood in urine -painful ejaculation |
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Discharge Diseases with major manifestations in Genitourinary Tract
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increase in fluid discharge in male and female reproductive tract
includes trichomoniasis, HIV, gonorrhea and chlaymidia |
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Gonorrhea
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N. gonorrhoeae is etiologic agent aka gonococcus
male: -urethriritis painful urination and yellowish discharge -can spread to urethra and prostate gland an epididymis scar tissue in the spermatic ducts during healing can render a man infertile female: likely that both urinary and genital tracts are infected mucopurulent or bloody vaginal discharge -painful urination if urethra is affected major complications: -occur when infection ascends from vagina and cervix to higher reproductive structures -eptopic pregnancy (fallopian tube) -salpingitis -pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) |
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Chlamydia
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most common reportable infection in US
majority are asymptomatic males: -inflammation of urethra -mimic gonorrhea -untreated lead to inflammation of epididymis female: -cervicitis -discharge -salpingtis -PID certain strains can invade the lymphatic tissues, resulting in lymphogranuloma -headache, fever, muscle aches -lymph nodes fill with granuloma cells and become enlarged and tender babies born to mothers with infection can develop eye infections and pneumonia |
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Genital Ulcer Diseases
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Three common infectious conditions resulting in lesions on a person’s genitals :
-Syphilis -chancroid -genital herpes Having one of these diseases increases the chances of infection with HIV because of the open lesions |
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Syphilis
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Three distinct clinical stages: primary, secondary, and tertiary
Latent periods of varying duration also occur Transmissible during the primary and secondary stages, and the early latency period between secondary and tertiary Largely nontransmissibleduring late latent and tertiary stages |
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Primary Syphilis
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Appearance of a hard chancreat the site of entry of the pathogen (after an incubation
period of 9 days to 3 months) Lymph nodes draining the affected region become enlarged and firm Chancre filled with spirochetes Chancre heals spontaneously in 3 to 6 weeks -by then the spirochete has moved into the circulation |
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Secondary Syphilis
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3 weeks to 6 months after the chancre heals
Many systems have been invaded Fever, headache, sore throat, followed by lymphadenopathyand a red or brown rash that breaks out on all skin surfaces Hair often falls out Lesions contain viable spirochetes and disappear spontaneously in a few weeks Major complications occur in: -bones -hair follicles -joints -liver -eyes -brain |
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Latency and Tertiary Syphilis
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Highly varied latent period, can last for 20 years or longer
Tertiary syphilis is rare because of the use of antibiotics Major complications occur by this stage Cardiovascular syphilis-weakens the arteries in the aortic wall Gummasdevelop in tissues such as the liver, skin, bone, and cartilage |
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Congenital Syphilis
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From a pregnant woman’s circulation into the placenta
and fetal tissues Inhibits fetal growth Disrupts critical periods of development |
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Chancroid
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No systemwideeffects
Infection usually begins as a soft papule at the point of contact Develops into a soft chancre (painful in men, but may be unnoticed in women) Inguinal lymph nodes can become swollen and tender |
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Genital Herpes
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Caused by herpes simplex viruses (HSVs)
Multiple presentations No symptoms, or single or multiple vesicles on the genitalia, perineum, thigh, and buttocks Lesions from initial infection can be accompanied by malaise, anorexia, fever, and bilateral swelling and tenderness of the groin Occasionally meningitis or encephalitis can develop After recovery from initial infection, may have recurrent episodes of lesions; generally less severeIn the neonate and fetus, HSV infections are very destructive and can be fatal 50% of people that are infected don't even know it DNA associated tests can help check mothers if they have the infection because if there is an open infection during birth it can be fatal |
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Wart Diseases
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Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
Molluscum Contagiosum |
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Human papillomavirus(HPV)
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Causative agents of genital warts
An individual can be infected with HPV without having warts, however |
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Molluscum Contagiosum
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Unclassified virus in the pox family
Can take the form of skin lesions Wartlikegrowths on the mucous membranes or skin of the genital area |
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Group B Streptococcus “Colonization”- Neonatal Disease
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10% to 40% of women in the U.S. are colonized asymptomatically by group B Streptococcus
When these women become pregnant, about half of their infants become colonized by the bacterium during passage through the birth canal Small percentage of infected infants experience life-threatening bloodstream infections, meningitis, or pneumonia |
