Microbiology Dr. Banerjee Exam 2

Front 1

What are the 3 groups based on pH factor?

Back 1

1. Neutrophiles

2. Acidophiles

3. Alkalinophiles

Front 2

Pertaining to Neutrophiles, What is the preferred pH range? What is the internal pH? Give an example.

Back 2

pH 6.5-7.5

neutral

majority of pathogenic bacteria

Front 3

Pertaining to Acidophiles, What is the preferred pH range?Give an example.

Back 3

pH below 5.5

fungi

Front 4

Pertaining to Alkalinophiles, What is the preferred pH range? Give an example. Where are they found?

Back 4

pH above 8.5

Vibrio Cholerae

found in alkaline soils and lakes

Front 5

Name acid areas of the human body.

Back 5

1. Stomach

2. Adult urogenital system

Front 6

What is a inoculum?

Back 6

Term used when microbes are introduced into a medium to initiate growth.

Front 7

What is a culture?

Back 7

Growth of microorganism in a culture medium.

Front 8

What is growth? Give an example.

Back 8

refers to microbial multiplication; increase in number

ie-bacterial division NOT bacterial size

Front 9

What is a culture medium?

Back 9

defined as nutrient material prepared for growth of microorganism in lab

Front 10

What is a pure culture?

Back 10

descendants of a single cell and separated from others

Front 11

What might growth result in?

Back 11

1. a colony

2. a biofilm

Front 12

What is a colony?

Back 12

aggregation of cells arising from a single parent cell

Front 13

What is a biofilm?

Back 13

collection of surface microbes living in a complex community

Front 14

What are the 2 growth requirements?

Back 14

1. Physical factors (Environmental)

2. Chemical factors (Nutritional)

Front 15

What are the 4 physical factors?

Back 15

1. Temperature

2. pH

3. Light (energy source)

4. Osmosis and Osmotic pressure

Front 16

What are the 2 Nutrient Uptake processes?

Back 16

1. Passive process (downhill)

2. Active process (uphill)

Front 17

What are the 3 types of passive process?

Back 17

1. Simple diffusion

2. Facilitated diffusion

3. osmosis (movement of water molecules)

Front 18

What does passive process do?

Back 18

1. substance movement is from high concentration to a region of low concentration

2. no expenditure of cellular energy

Front 19

What does active process do?

Back 19

1. functions when bacteria are in low nutrient environment

2. there is expenditure of cellular energy

Front 20

What are the 2 types active process?

Back 20

1. active transport

2. group translocation

Front 21

What is simple diffusion?

Back 21

1. small or lipid soluble substances easily moves down concentration gradient

2. movement continues until equilibrium is reached

Front 22

What are examples of simple diffusion?

Back 22

1. O2

2. H2O

3. CO4

Front 23

What is facilitated diffusion?

Back 23

1. used by molecules unable to diffuse or fails to dissolve across lipid bilayer

2. use channel protein

Front 24

What are examples of facilitated diffusion?

Back 24

glycerol transport of Ecoli

Front 25

What is the differences between simple and facilitated diffusion?

Back 25

1. Facilitated diffusion is like a shuttle, if shut down, it will stop unlike in simple that goes to equilibrium.

2. Lipid bilayer is different for transport

Front 26

What is osmosis?

Back 26

net movement of solvent molecules across a selectively permeable membrane.

Front 27

T/F In osmosis, movement is from area of high solvent to an area of low solvent concentration.

Back 27

True

Front 28

What is the solvent in the living system?

Back 28

water

Front 29

During osmosis, water movement is to the ____side of membrane.

Back 29

drier

Front 30

What is osmotic pressure?

Back 30

pressure exerted on membrane by solutes in solution

Front 31

What does Staphylococcus aureus cause?

Back 31

pimples, sties, boils, etc.

Front 32

What happens in an isotonic solution?

Back 32

stays the same

Front 33

What happens in a hypertonic solution?

Back 33

Plasmolysis sets in-plamsa membrane pulls itself away from cell wall when placed in hypertonic solution

Front 34

What happens in a hypotonic solution?

Back 34

Osmotic lysis-cell will burst because water is going inside the cell wall until no more can be held

Front 35

What is active transport. Give an example.

Back 35

involves substance movement from outside to inside.

ex. against conc gradient

Front 36

What is Group translocation?

Back 36

cell picks substance even though they are in lower concentration outside

Front 37

What is the difference between active transport and group translocation?

Back 37

In active transport, the substance that cross membrane is NOT altered

In group translocation the substance IS altered during transport which prevents from leaving the cell

Front 38

What is an example of Group translocation process?

Back 38

Glucose utilization by the phosphotransferase system purine, pyrimidines and long chain fatty acids transport.

Front 39

What are the 3 temperature requirements for bacteria?

Back 39

1. Minimum growth temp

2. Optimum growth temp

3. Maximum growth temp

Front 40

What is minimum growth temp?

Back 40

lowest temp at which species will grow, slow metabolism

Front 41

What is optimum growth temp?

Back 41

species grows best at this temp, fastest growth

Front 42

At what temp does most chemical reactions happen?

Back 42

Optimum growth

Front 43

What is maximum growth temp?

Back 43

highest temp at which growth is possible, slow growth

Front 44

What influence does a low temp have on proteins?

Back 44

new H2 bonds are formed

Front 45

What influence does a high temp have on proteins?

Back 45

H2 bonds are broken

Front 46

What do high temp and low temp have in common for proteins?

Back 46

protein loses 3 dimensional structure associated function

Front 47

What influence does a low temp have on lipids?

Back 47

membrane lipids become rigid and fragile

Front 48

What influence does a high temp have on lipids?

Back 48

makes lipids more fluid

Front 49

What group do the majority of human pathogens belong to?

Back 49

Mesophiles

Front 50

What are mesophiles?

Back 50

moderate temperature loving microbes

Front 51

What is the optimal temp for mesophiles?

Back 51

20-40 degrees C

Front 52

What is the optimum temp for growth of most pathogen is close to that of host?

Back 52

37 C

Front 53

What temp is clinical incubators and human pathogens?

Back 53

37 C

Front 54

What are the Thermoduric mesophiles?

Back 54

can survive brief high temp during inadequate Pasteurization and canning

Front 55

What is Mycobacterium leprae?

Back 55

Hanson's disease

Front 56

What animal is Mycobacterium leprae associated with?

Back 56

armadillo

Front 57

What is Treponema sps?

Back 57

lesion are in cooler temps of the body like lips, outer areas of urogenital system.

Front 58

What animal is Treponema sps. associated with?

Back 58

Rabbit

Front 59

Where are the lesions that Mycobacterium leprae located?

Back 59

extremities, ears, facial

Front 60

Name an acid tolerant microbe?

Back 60

H. pylori (thrives in the stomach)