Microbiology Credit 1 Preparation

Front 1

Chocolate agar.

Back 1

Growth for Neisseria and Haemophilus.

Front 2

Loffler's medium.

Back 2

Growth for Corynebacterium diphtheriae.

Front 3

Maneval's stain.

Back 3

Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Front 4

Dorner's/spore stains.

Back 4

Bacillus and Clostridium.

Front 5

Acid-fast stain/Ziehl-Neeson method.

Back 5

Mycobacterium tuberculosis and leprae (because of high lipid mycolic acid in cell wall).

Front 6

Neisser's stain.

Back 6

Granules.

Front 7

Selective media.

Back 7

Promotes growth of desirable microbes and inhibit the growth of others.

Front 8

Cetrimide agar (what media and what for?).

Back 8

Selective media for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (G-negative).

Has cetrimide (desinfectant).

Front 9

Sabourauda agar (what media and what for?).

Back 9

Selective media for fungi isolation (e.g. Candida albicans and Apergillus niger).

Has antibiotic and low pH.

Front 10

What are differential media?

Back 10

Substances that cause some bacteria to take on a different appearance.

Front 11

Chapman agar (mannitol).

Back 11

Differential media for Staphylococcus.

Front 12

MacConkey agar (lactose).

Back 12

Differential media for Gram-enteric rods (e.g. Escherichia coli).

Front 13

Medically important bacteria that cannot be cultured in media.

Back 13

- Treponema pallidum (testicles of live rabbits).

- Mycobacterium leprae (armadillo.

- Chlamydia and Chlamydophila, Rickettsia (tissue culture or chicken embryo like viruses).

Front 14

The 5 I's.

Back 14

1. Inoculation.

2. Isolation.

3. Incubation.

4. Inspection.

5. Identification.

Front 15

Semisolid media used for what?

Back 15

1. Check motility of bacteria.

2. Promote anaerobic growth.

3. Fermentation studies.

Front 16

Colony.

Back 16

Group of several million bacteria (clones) derived from one bacterial cell.

Front 17

CFU/mL is the same as...?

Back 17

bacteria/mL.

Front 18

Heterotrophs.

Back 18

Bacteria that require organic carbon for growth e.g. simple sugars (C,N,K,S).

All clinically important bacteria fall under this category.

Front 19

Haemophilus influenzae growth in medium via?

Back 19

Hemin and NAD.

Front 20

Mycoplasmas growth in medium via?

Back 20

Cholesterol.

Front 21

Most pathogenic bacterias' optimum pH.

Back 21

Neutralophiles @ 7-7,3.

Front 22

Vibrio cholerae's optimum pH.

Back 22

Alkaliphile @ 8,5-9,5.

Front 23

Alkaliphiles.

Back 23

Optimum pH >8,5.

Front 24

Acidophiles.

Back 24

Optimum pH <5,5.

Front 25

What organisms tolerate moderate acid pHs?

Back 25

Fungi (yeast and molds) and some bacteria e.g. Lactobacilli and Streptococci.

Front 26

Mesophiles optimum temperature.

Back 26

35 degrees Celsius.

Front 27

Psychrophiles optimum temperature.

Back 27

5 degrees Celsius.

Front 28

Thermophiles optimum temperature.

Back 28

70 degrees Celsius.

Front 29

Back 29

Aerobes.

Front 30

Back 30

Facultative anaerobes.

Front 31

Back 31

Anaerobes.

Front 32

Sterilization.

Back 32

Killing all living entities and endospores.

Front 33

Alfa hemolysis.

Back 33

Partial hemolysis in blood agar. RBCs remain intact, but hemoglobin components' color are altered.

Front 34

Beta hemolysis.

Back 34

Complete hemolysis in blood agar. RBCs have become lysed and hemoglobin components completely colorless.

Front 35

Gamma hemolysis.

Back 35

No hemolysis in blood agar. RBCs remain intact and unaltered.

Front 36

Wet mounts. What is it, and what's the purpose?

Back 36

Short-term mounts for fresh, living preparations.

Study if a microorganism is motile or not (possess flagella). Also permits undistorted view of arrangement, size, shape and color.

Front 37

Smears.

Back 37

Long-term mounts that are fixed and stained preparations.

Front 38

Basic (cationic) stains.

Back 38

Positively charged stain that binds to negatively charged compounds of bacterial cell wall.

Methylene blue, crystal violet, safranin and basic fuchsin.

Front 39

Acidic (anionic) stains.

Back 39

Negatively charged stain that stains the background.

Nigrosin and india ink.

Front 40

What is this? Purpose?

Back 40

Heat fixation.

- Kill the bacterial cells.

- Attach/fix them to the glass surface.

- Preserve morphology but not internal structures.

Front 41

Other fixation methods than heat.

Back 41

Alcohol and acetone.

Front 42

Gram-positive bacteria.

Back 42

- Staphylococcus aureus.

- Streptococcus pneumoniae.

- Bacillus anthracis.

Front 43

Gram-negative bacteria.

Back 43

- Haemophilus influenzae.

- Escherichia coli.

- Neisseria mengitidis.

Front 44

Etiologic agent of tuberculosis.

Back 44

Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Front 45

Etiologic agent of leprosy; Hansen's disease.

Back 45

Mycobacterium leprae.

Front 46

Etiologic agent of syphilis.

Back 46

Treponema pallidum.

Front 47

Negative stain pro.

Back 47

More accurate cell size determination because of no heat fixation (shrinkage).

Accentuated capsule.

Useful for studying spirochetes (e.g. T. pallidum).

Front 48

Endospores formed by gram-positive bacilli.

Back 48

- Bacillus (aerobic bacilli).

- Clostridium (anaerobic bacilli).

Front 49

Species and type of spore.

Back 49

Bacillus spp.

Subterminal spore.

Front 50

Species and type of spore.

Back 50

Bacillus spp.

Central spore.

Front 51

Species and type of spore.

Back 51

Clostridium botulinum.

Subterminal spore/"tennis racquet".

Front 52

Species and type of spore.

Back 52

Clostridium tetani.

Terminal spore/"drumstick".

Front 53

Species and type of spore.

Back 53

Clostridium spp.

Central spore.

Front 54

Gram stain does not stain what?

Back 54

Endospores. However, the vegetative cell is, thus showing the presence of endospore.

Front 55

Maneval's stain stains what structures?

Back 55

Background and cell, but NOT capsule.

Front 56

Flagella.

Back 56

Fine, threadlike organelles of locomotion.

Front 57

Back 57

Peritrichous.

Front 58

Back 58

Iodotrichous.

Front 59

Back 59

Amphitrichous.

Front 60

Back 60

Monotrichous.

Front 61

Irregular or variable in shape bacteria.

Back 61

Pleomorphic bacteria.

Front 62

Back 62

Vibrio/incomplete spiral.

Front 63

Back 63

Spirillium/spiral.

Front 64

Back 64

Club-shaped.

Front 65

Back 65

Cocco-bacilli.

Front 66

Back 66

Bacillus/rod-shaped.

Front 67

Back 67

Coccus/spherical.

Front 68

Back 68

Listeria.

Front 69

Back 69

Bacillus spp.

Front 70

Back 70

Corynebacterium diphtheriae.

Front 71

Back 71

Candida albicans (yeast).

ALL YEAST AND YEAST-LIKE FUNGI ARE GRAM-POSITIVE.

Front 72

Resolving power of a light microscope.

Back 72

0,2 μm.

Front 73

Resolving power.

Back 73

The ability to distinguish two points as separate ones.

Front 74

Microorganisms.

Back 74

Living organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye.

Front 75

Naked eye resolution limit.

Back 75

ca. 0,1 mm.

Front 76

Superbug.

Back 76

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria aka MRSA.

Front 77

How do microorganisms keep the earth's ecosystem in balance?

Back 77

- Account for >50% of the worlds' photosynthesis.

- Decomposition of dead organic matter and nutrient recycling.

- Fixation of free nitrogen (symbiosis with plants).

- Make possible cycles of C, O2, N and S.

- Regulate temperature of the earth.

Front 78

In what part of our lives are we free of microbes?

Back 78

Fetal life.

Front 79

How many bacteria do we have in and on our body compared to our cells?

Back 79

10x more.

Front 80

Etiologic agent of plague.

Back 80

Yersinia pestis.

Front 81

The study of microorganisms which affect human health.

Back 81

- Pathogenesis.

- Epidemiology.

- Diagnosis.

- Prophylaxis.

Front 82

Mutualism.

Back 82

Both host and microbe benefit.

Front 83

Commensalism.

Back 83

Host not harmed, commensal benefits.

Front 84

Parasitism.

Back 84

Host harmed, parasite benefits.

Front 85

Carrier state.

Back 85

Asymptomatic individual who is host to pathogenic microorganism and has the potential of transmitting it to others.

Front 86

Etiologic agent of typhoid fever.

Back 86

Salmonella typhi.

Front 87

Cellular and prokaryotic (no nucleus).

Back 87

Bacteria and archaea.

Front 88

Cellular and eukaryotic (with nucleus).

Back 88

Unicellular: Fungi (yeasts) and protists.

Multicellular: Fungi (molds) and worms.

Front 89

Noncellular and only RNA.

Back 89

Viroid.

Front 90

Noncellular and only protein.

Back 90

Prions.

Front 91

Noncellular with proteins + RNA or DNA.

Back 91

Virus.

Front 92

Phylogenetics.

Back 92

Evolution of the organism.

Front 93

Phenotype.

Back 93

The physically seen traits (shape, size).

Front 94

Eukaryotic cell.

1. Cell wall.

2. DNA.

3. Histones.

4. First amino acid in protein synthesis.

5. Ribosomes.

6. Cell division.

7. Cell membrane.

Back 94

1. Plants (cellulose) and fungi (chitin).

2. Linear.

3. Present.

4. Methionine.

5. 80S.

6. Mitosis.

7. Sterols.

Front 95

Prokaryotic cell.

1. Cell wall.

2. DNA.

3. Histones.

4. First amino acid in protein synthesis.

5. Ribosomes.

6. Cell division.

7. Cell membrane.

Back 95

1. Bacteria (peptidoglycan) and archaea.

2. Circular.

3. Only in archaea.

4. Formylmethionine (bacteria) and methionine (archaea).

5. 70S.

6. Binary fission.

7. No sterols (except mycoplasmas).

Front 96

Eukaryotic organelles.

1. What are they?

2. Cell wall.

3. DNA.

4. Histones.

5. First amino acid in protein synthesis.

6. Ribosomes.

7. Cell division.

Back 96

1. Mitochondria and chloroplasts.

2. No.

3. Circular.

4. No.

5. Formylmethionine.

6. 70S.

7. Binary fission.

Front 97

The idea of eukaryotic species.

Back 97

Based on sexual reproduction.

Front 98

Strain.

Back 98

Subset of a bacterial species differing from other bacteria of the same species by some minor but identifiable difference.

Front 99

Streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading cause of what?

Back 99

- Community-acquired pneumonia.

- Meningitis.

- Upper respiratory tract infections.

- Sinusitis.

- Otitis media.

Front 100

Mycoplasma.

1. What is it?

2. Typical cell wall.

3. Pathogen.

4. Reproduction.

5. Size range.

6. Shape.

7. Stain.

Back 100

1. Bacteria.

2. No cell wall.

3. Extracellular pathogens.

4. Asexually via binary fission.

5. Smallest 0,2 μm.

6. Pleomorphic.

7. Neither Gram-positive or negative.

Front 101

Rickettsia.

1. What is it?

2. Typical cell wall.

3. Pathogen.

4. Reproduction.

5. Size range.

6. Shape.

7. Stain.

Back 101

1. Bacteria.

2. Typical cell wall.

3. Obligate intracellular pathogen.

4. Asexually via binary fission.

5. Very small (<0,1 μm).

6. Coccobacilli.

7. Neither Gram-positive or negative.

Front 102

Chlamydia.

1. What is it?

2. Typical cell wall.

3. Pathogen.

4. Reproduction.

5. Size range.

6. Shape.

7. Stain.

Back 102

1. Bacteria.

2. Atypical cell wall.

3. Obligate intracellular pathogen.

4. Specific life cycle (two stages).

5. Very small (<0,1 μm).

6. Coccobacilli.

7. Neither Gram-positive or negative.

Front 103

Walking pneumonia/pneumonia with atypical course.

Back 103

Mycoplasma pneumoniae.

Front 104

Nonspecific infections of the urogenital tract.

Back 104

Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum.

Front 105

Etiologic agent of typhus.

Back 105

Rickettsia prowazekii and typhi, transmitted by blood-sucking arthropods.

Front 106

Etiologic agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever.

Back 106

Rickettsia rickettsii, transmitted by ticks.

Front 107

Chlamydia eye serotypes.

Back 107

A-C.

Front 108

Chlamydia genital serotypes.

Back 108

D-K.

Front 109

Chlamydia L1, L2, L3 serotypes.

Back 109

Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV).

Front 110

Etiologic agent of psittacosis or ornithosis.

Back 110

Chlamydophila psittaci.

Front 111

How do yeasts grow, and how do they reproduce?

Back 111

They grow as single cells (unicellular) and reproduce mainly by asexual budding.

Front 112

How do molds grow, and how do they form?

Back 112

Molds grow as long filaments (hyphae) and form a mat-like structure (mycelium). Multicellular.

Front 113

Dimorphic fungi.

Back 113

Form different structures at different temperatures e.g. molds at room temperature and yeast at body temperature.

Front 114

Two main characteristics differentiating fungi from other eukaryotes (e.g. protozoa).

Back 114

- Rigid cell wall containing chitin or glucan.

- Cell membrane with ergosterol (instead of cholesterol).

Front 115

Viroids definition.

Back 115

Noncoding ssRNA molecules that interfere with cellular RNA as antisense RNA.

Front 116

The only significant human pathogen structurally related to the viroids.

Back 116

Hepatitis D virus.

Front 117

Prions definition and characteristic.

Back 117

Proteinaceous Infectious Particles.

- No nucleic acids.

- Made of proteins.

- Diseases are disorders of protein conformation.

- Occurs as infectious, sporadic or genetic.

- Does not elicit inflammatory or immune response.

- Untreatable and universally fatal.

Causes degeneration of CNS via Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE).

Front 118

What type of cell is this? Name the parts.

Back 118

Bacteria.

Front 119

What type of cell is this? Name the parts.

Back 119

Prokaryotic cell.

Front 120

What type of cell is this? Name the parts.

Back 120

Eukaryotic cell.

Front 121

No membrane-delimited compartments.

Back 121

- Nucleus.

- Golgi apparatus.

- Mitochondria/chloroplasts.

- Endoplasmic reticulum.

Hint 121

MENG

Front 122

Bacterial essential components.

Back 122

- Cytoplasm.

- Ribosomes 70S.

- Nuclear area (nucleoid) containing DNA.

- Cell wall (except mycoplasmas).

- Plasma membrane.

Front 123

Bacterial nonessential components.

Back 123

- Fimbriae.

- Flagella.

- Plasmid.

- Inclusion.

- Mesosomes.

- Capsule.

Hint 123

**** Friends Puler Ikke Med Condom.

Front 124

Bacterial cell wall main component and function.

Back 124

Peptidoglycan (murein, mucopeptide). Gives the bacteria its' rigid structure.

Front 125

Gram+ bacteria cell wall characteristic.

Back 125

Thick cell wall layer of peptidoglycans, accounting for 80% of dry cell wall mass.

Front 126

Gram- bacteria cell wall characteristic.

Back 126

Thin cell wall layer of peptidoglycans, covered by an external outer membrane (OM), accounting for 10% of dry cell wall mass.

Front 127

Penicillin function.

Back 127

Disrupt murein synthesis (aka cell wall synthesis).

Front 128

What enzyme digests murein (peptidoglycan) and proteins?

Back 128

Lysozyme.

Front 129

Virulence factors of Gram-positive bacteria. What and where?

Back 129

- Teichoic acids on murein/cell wall.

- Lipoteichoic acids anchored on CM.

- Cell-associated proteins.

Front 130

Severity of a disease caused by a particular pathogen depends on what?

Back 130

Its' virulence. The capability to establish itself in the host and cause damage.

Front 131

Common cause of pharyngitis and rheumatic fever.

Back 131

Streptococcus pyogenes.

Caused by antibodies that attack S. pyogenes' M protein cross-react with myocardial cells.

Front 132

Facultative intracellular pathogen.

Back 132

Listeria monocytogenes.

Internalin binds to host intestinal epithelium.

Front 133

Outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria consists of what? What is shed from the bacteria?

Back 133

Porins, lipoproteins, transport protein and LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE (LPS).

LPS is shed from the bacteria.

Front 134

Vancomycin use. Function?

Back 134

ONLY AGAINST GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA.

Because in Gram-negative, its' molecular structure is far too large to cross the outer membrane.

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis by binding to D-alanine D-alanine.

Front 135

Responsible for the toxic effect of LPS.

Back 135

Lipid A.

Front 136

Lipooligosaccharide (LOS) present where, and what is the characteristic?

Back 136

Present in:

- Haemophilus.

- Neisseria.

- Bordetella.

- Vibrio.

- Acinetobacter.

Lacks O antigen portion of LPS and is readily shed from bacteria.

Front 137

LPS category and function.

Back 137

Endotoxin that elicits septic shock by activating B cells to induce Mø, DC to release IL-1 and TNF.

Front 138

Important enzyme in periplasmic space.

Back 138

Beta-lactamase.

Also proteases, phosphatases, lipases and nucleases.

They are involved in transport, degradation and synthesis.

Front 139

Porins.

Back 139

Proteins that form pores in OM to allow passage of essential substances.

(This, for instance, gives Gram-negative bacteria protection against some antibiotics).

Front 140

What is a beta-lactam antibiotic, and what mechanism is resistant against it? Where do Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria use this mechanism?

Back 140

Penicillin. Beta-lactamase inactivates it.

Gram-positive inactivate beta-lactam drugs extracellularly.

Gram-negative inactivate beta-lactam drugs in the periplasmic space.

Front 141

What Gram-stained bacteria, and what are the parts?

Back 141

Front 142

What Gram-stained bacteria, and what are the parts?

Back 142

Front 143

Function of bacterial cell wall.

Back 143

- Determines the shape.

- Provides structural support to protect from collapsing because of changes in osmotic pressure.

- Plays an important role in cell division.

- Protects against antibodies, antibiotics and lysozymes.

- Some components are virulence factors.

Front 144

L-forms of bacteria. Characteristic?

Back 144

Bacteria with cell wall defects. They are totally resistant to antibiotics which block synthesis of murein.

Can be through mutation, lysozyme or penicillin.

Front 145

Gram-negative L-form.

Back 145

Spheroplast.

Front 146

Gram-positive L-form.

Back 146

Protoplast.

Front 147

Mycoplasma cell membrane stabilized by? Function?

Back 147

Sterols. Resistant to lysis.

Front 148

Mycobacteria cell wall structure.

Back 148

Peptidoglycan layer surrounded by a wax like coat of mycolic acid and other lipids.

Front 149

Etiologic agent for diphtheria.

Back 149

Corynebacterium diphtheriae.

Front 150

Bacterial cytoplasmic membrane (CM).

Back 150

Lipid bilayer structure similar to the structure of eukaryotic membranes, but contain no sterols (except mycoplasma).

Plays an important role in cell division.

Front 151

Enzymes in formation of the peptidoglycan.

Back 151

Penicillin-Binding Proteins (PBPs).

Front 152

B-lactam antibiotics resistance mechanisms.

Back 152

- PBP modification (MRSA).

- B-lactamase production.

Front 153

Mesosomes.

Back 153

- Complex invaginations of CM.

- Play a role in cell division.

- Site for respiratory enzymes.

Front 154

Polysaccharide coat. Function?

Back 154

Glycocalyx. Coating of macromolecules (polysaccharides) to protect the cell.

Can be slimy or gelatinous (capsule).

Can also be a virulence factor!

Front 155

Biofilm. Examples?

Back 155

A structured community of bacterial cells embedded in a self-produced polymer matrix attached to an inert surface or living tissue.

Dental plaque is an example.

Front 156

Host-actin polymerization.

Back 156

Bacteria motility inside eukaryotic cell.

Front 157

Structure of bacterias that most commonly cause meningitis.

Back 157

Encapsulated.

Front 158

Fimbriae (pili) found where? Function?

Back 158

Gram-negative bacteria.

1. Adherence (virulence).

2. Sex pili --> Transfer of DNA during conjugation.

Front 159

Reproductive spores.

Back 159

Fungal spores.

NOT BACTERIAL SPORES.

Front 160

Most resistant microbial entities.

Back 160

Endospores.

Front 161

Endospores characteristics.

Back 161

- Highly dehydrated.

- High content of calcium.

- Special molecules (e.g. dipicolinic acid).

- Surrounded by keratin-like coat.

Front 162

Goal of sterilization.

Back 162

Endospore destruction.

Front 163

Etiologic agent for anthrax.

Back 163

Bacillus anthracis.

Front 164

Zoonosis.

Back 164

Infectious disease naturally transmissible from animals to humans.

Front 165

Tetanus toxin.

Back 165

Clostridium tetani - Prevents muscle relaxation (because of neurotoxin tetanospasmin).

Front 166

Botulinum toxin.

Back 166

Clostridium botulinum - Prevents muscle contraction.

Front 167

The most powerful toxin known to man.

Back 167

Botulinum toxin aka Botox.

Front 168

Haploid bacteria.

Back 168

Bacteria usually only has one single circular chromosome.

Front 169

Linear chromosomed bacteria.

Back 169

Borrelia burgdorferi and Streptomyces spp.

Front 170

Etiologic agent for lyme disease.

Back 170

Borrelia burgdorferi.

Front 171

Humans' chromosome size. How much of this is the genome?

Back 171

3000 Mb. 750 Mb.

Front 172

Operon.

Back 172

A coordinated set of genes, all of which are regulated as a single unit.

Front 173

Bacterial mRNA.

Back 173

Polycistronic.

Numerous proteins are coded for on the same mRNA.

Front 174

Bacterial operon negative control.

Back 174

Repressor protein binds to operator, preventing RNA polymerase from binding properly to the promoter sequence.

Front 175

Bacterial operon positive control.

Back 175

Activator protein binds to operator, stabilizing the RNA polymerase binding to the promoter sequence.

Front 176

Region of the cytoplasm containing the chromosome.

Back 176

Nucleoid.

Front 177

Enzymes responsible for DNA supercoiling.

Back 177

Gyrases/Topoisomerases.

Front 178

Bacterial virus.

Back 178

Bacteriophage.

Front 179

Mobilomes.

Back 179

Plasmids, transposons and bacteriophages.

Front 180

Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT). How does this happen?

Back 180

Bacteria that can pass their genes not only to offspring, but also to other microbes.

- Conjugation (via plasmids).

- Transduction (via bacteriophages).

- Transformation (acquisition of "naked" DNA from environment).

Front 181

Plasmids characteristics.

Back 181

- Replicate independently from the chromosome.

- Can be a part of the chromosome (episomes).

Front 182

Lysogenic cycle (lysogeny) characteristic.

Back 182

The interaction with bacteriophage does not cause cell disruption.

That, compared to the lytic cycle, does.

Front 183

Lysogenic conversion.

Back 183

When a bacteria acquires a new feature (e.g. virulence) from its' prophage.

Front 184

Etiologic agent for cholera.

Back 184

Vibrio cholerae.

Front 185

Etiologic agent for erythrogenic toxin; Scarlet fever.

Back 185

Streptococcus pyogenes.

Front 186

What are they, and what is the stain?

Back 186

Ernst-Babes bodies with Neisser's stain.

Front 187

Diphtheria toxin production is dependent on what?

Back 187

Presence of lysogenic beta-phage.

Front 188

Antibiotics mechanisms of action.

Back 188

1. Cell wall.

2. Protein synthesis (50S and 30S subunit).

3. DNA + RNA.

4. Folic acid synthesis.

5. Cell membrane.

Front 189

Generation time.

Back 189

Doubling time. The time interval between two subsequent binary fissions.

Front 190

All bacteria which can live in the presence of oxygen has what kind of enzyme, and what is its' function?

Back 190

Superoxide dismutase (SOD); catalyzes the reduction of superoxide anions to H2O2.

Front 191

Both aerobic and anaerobic contain what kind of enzyme, and what is its' function?

Back 191

Catalase; decomposes H2O2.

Front 192

Polymers of ribitol or glycerol phosphate.

Back 192

Teichoic acid.

Front 193

The wall formed during prokaryotic cellular division.

Back 193

Septum.

Front 194

Patients with kidney stones usually have this condition caused by these bacteria.

Back 194

High levels of urease producing bacteria, such as Proteus spp. and Klebsiella spp.

Front 195

Microbial succession.

Back 195

Process in which organisms previously unable to colonize the original site are now provided with an environment suitable for their growth.

Front 196

Quorum sensing.

Back 196

Bacteria are able to sense the presence of other bacterial cells.

Front 197

Amensalism (antagonism) is the same as?

Back 197

Parasitism.

Front 198

Microorganisms cannot alter the pH of their surroundings (T/F).

Back 198

True.

Front 199

Rickettsia and Chlamydia cannot be cultured on artificial media (T/F).

Back 199

True.

Front 200

Contains RNA in its' genome.

Back 200

HIV.

Front 201

Smallest group of bacteria include...?

Back 201

Rickettsia, chlamydia and mycoplasma.

Front 202

Viral enzyme that makes a DNA copy of an RNA molecule.

Back 202

Reverse transcriptase.

Front 203

What must be present during transduction?

Back 203

Bacteriophage.

Front 204

Pieces of DNA that have the ability to move from one site to another on the chromosome.

Back 204

Transposons and SI.

Front 205

Cocci arranged in "grape-like" clusters.

Back 205

Staphylococci.

Front 206

The form of bacterial virus which is covalently inserted into its' hosts' DNA.

Back 206

Prophage.

Front 207

Has mycolic acid on cell wall and identified with acid-fast stain.

Back 207

Nocardia.

Front 208

Recombination that does not require homologous sequences and is utilized by mobile genetic elements that move about chromosomes.

Back 208

Replicative recombination.

Front 209

Mediates chemotaxis towards nutrients.

Back 209

Flagella.

Front 210

One-way transfer of genetic information.

Back 210

Conjugation.

Front 211

Grow best in the presence of increased concentrations of CO2.

Back 211

Capnophiles e.g. Haemophilus influenzae.

Front 212

Identification or typing of bacteria by specific antibodies.

Back 212

Serotyping.

Front 213

Protein coat of a virus.

Back 213

Capsid.

Front 214

Viruses that contain an RNA genome, which is converted to a DNA molecule as they are replicated.

Back 214

Retroviruses.

Front 215

Space between cytoplasmic membrane and the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.

Back 215

Periplasmic space.

Front 216

Most common organisms found on human skin.

Back 216

Staphylococcus epidermidis.

Front 217

Major site of Bacteriodes fragilis.

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Colon.

Front 218

Common site for Staphylococcus aureus.

Back 218

Nose.

Front 219

Attenuated toxin.

Back 219

Diphtheria toxoid.

Front 220

Thread-like filaments forming the mycelium of the fungus.

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Hypha.

Front 221

Bacterial membrane contains what?

Back 221

Hopanoids, etholamine and integral proteins.

Front 222

Gram staining procedure.

Back 222

Crystal violet, Gram's iodine, Alcohol and Fuchsin.

Front 223

Bacterial growth phases.

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- Lag phase.

- Growth phase.

- Stationary phase.

- Death phase.

Front 224

Viral infection process.

Back 224

- Attachment.

- Penetration.

- Uncoating.

- Replication.

- Assembly.

- Release.

Front 225

Causes the creation of new types of influenza virus.

Back 225

Reassortment.

Front 226

Faulty protein.

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Missense.

Front 227

Incomplete protein.

Back 227

Nonsense.

Front 228

Normal protein.

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Silent.

Front 229

How many genes does Escherichia coli code?

Back 229

About 5000 genes.

Front 230

Group that only includes prokaryotic cells.

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Bacteria.

Front 231

Size range typical for medically important bacteria.

Back 231

0,2-8 micrometers.

Front 232

What is being compared during DNA hybridization studies of two bacteria?

Back 232

Similarity of nucleotide sequences.

Front 233

Catalase is important in what genera?

Back 233

Staphylococcus and Streptococcus.

Front 234

Part of influenza virus playing part in attaching to host cells.

Back 234

Hemagglutinins.

Front 235

RNA viruses multiply where?

Back 235

Cell cytoplasm.

Front 236

DNA viruses multiply where?

Back 236

Cell nucleus.

Front 237

Nucleic acid configuration NOT found in viral genomes.

Back 237

Segmented double-stranded DNA.

Front 238

HIV is an oncovirus (T/F).

Back 238

False.

Front 239

What fungi causes endemic mycoses?

Back 239

Aspergillus and Mucor.

Front 240

How does a capsule increase the virulence factor?

Back 240

Helps bacteria evade phagocytosis.

Front 241

Capsule of Bacillus anthracis composed of what?

Back 241

Amino acids.

Front 242

Virus with oncogenic properties in humans.

Back 242

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV).

Front 243

Virion meaning.

Back 243

Infectious virus particles.

Front 244

Serotyping is based on what?

Back 244

Antigen-antibody reactions.

Front 245

Ergosterol is found where?

In the cell membrane of what?

Back 245

Apergillus flavus.

Fungi.

Front 246

Bacterial mRNA molecule that encodes for several proteins.

Back 246

Polycistronic mRNA.

Front 247

LPS is a protein (T/F).

Back 247

False.

Front 248

Where is endotoxins found?

Back 248

In Gram-negative bacteria.