Microbiology Chp 2

Front 1

all materials that occupy space and have mass

Back 1

matter

Front 2

matter is composed of ______

Back 2

atoms

Front 3

this is the simplest form of matter not divisible into simpler substances
-composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons

Back 3

atom

Front 4

pure substance with characteristic number of protons, neutrons, and electrons and predictable chemical behaviors

Back 4

element

Front 5

subatomic particles:
+ charge:
no charge:
- charge:

Back 5

protons, neurtons, electrons

Front 6

the ____ is concentrated in the nucleus

Back 6

mass

Front 7

the ____ comes from the electrons surrounding the nucleus

Back 7

volume

Front 8

number of protons =

Back 8

atmoic number

Front 9

the number of protons + the number of neutrons

Back 9

atomic mass

Front 10

these are variant forms of an element that differ in mass number (same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons)

Back 10

isotopes

Front 11

average of the mass numbers oof all the elemnts isotopic forms

Back 11

atomic weight

Front 12

a _____ atom has the name number of protons and electrons

Back 12

neutral

Front 13

____ are atoms that have lost or gained electrons

Back 13

ions

Front 14

RXn: that releases electrons
RXN: that gains electrons

Back 14

oxidation, reduction

Front 15

a distinct chemical substance that results from the combination of two or more atoms

Back 15

molecule

Front 16

molecules that are the combination of two or more different elements

Back 16

compounds

Front 17

when 2 or more atoms share, donate, or accept electrongs to form molecules and compounds

Back 17

chemical bonds

Front 18

3 types of bonds:

Back 18

covalent bonds,
ionic bonds
hydrogen bonds

Front 19

this type of bond is where electrons are shared among atoms
2- subtypes

Back 19

covalent: polar covalent, nonpolar covalent

Front 20

bond with unequal sharing of electrons among atoms

Back 20

polar covalent bonds

Front 21

bond with equal sharing of electrongs among atoms

Back 21

nonpolar covalent bonds

Front 22

this type of bond is where electrons are transferred from one atom forming postively charge cations and negative charged anions

Back 22

ionic

Front 23

weak bonds between hydrogen and other atoms, role in biosystems are important

Back 23

hydrogen

Front 24

____: a mixture of one or more substances

Back 24

solution

Front 25

a mixture of a substance withing a solution; ex Na and Cl

Back 25

solute

Front 26

a disloving medium, ex: water

Back 26

solvent

Front 27

dissolving in water (polar molcules)

Back 27

hydrophilic

Front 28

not dissolving in water (nonpolar molecules)

Back 28

hydrophobic

Front 29

most biological activities occur in _____ solutions

Back 29

aqueous (water based)

Front 30

______ molecules - have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties

Back 30

amphipathic

Front 31

ionization of water releases what two ions

Back 31

hydrogen [H+]and hydroxyl ions [OH-]

Front 32

the pH scale ranges from _ to _

Back 32

0 to 14

Front 33

pH scale measures what kind of ions

Back 33

hydrogen

Front 34

____ is the fundamental element of life:
can form single, double, and triple covalent bonds

Back 34

carbon

Front 35

What are the four families of macromolecules:

Back 35

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Front 36

monosaccharides, disacchrides, polysaccharides:

Back 36

carbohydrates

Front 37

triclerides (fats and oils), phospholipids, steroids

Back 37

lipids

Front 38

DNA, RNA

Back 38

nuleic acid

Front 39

what is the monomer and polymer of carbs

Back 39

monomer is monosaccharides (glucose and fructose_
polmyer is polyscharrides (strach and cellulose)

Front 40

subunites of carbs are linked by ____ bonds

Back 40

glycosidic bonds

Front 41

this macromolecule fuctions as structural support, nurtrient and energy stores
general formula is CH20

Back 41

carbohydrates

Front 42

strach is the energy source of _____,
glycogen is the _____ energy souce

Back 42

plant, animals

Front 43

___= galactose + sulfure containing carbohydrates

Back 43

agar

Front 44

____ glycans + peptides

Back 44

peptidoglycans

Front 45

_____ = lipids + polysaccarides

Back 45

lipopolyscaccharides

Front 46

-hydrophobic
- long or complex, hydrophobic, C-H china
-triglycerides, phospholipids in membranes

Back 46

lipids

Front 47

what are the functions of:
triglycerides:
phospholipids:
steroids:

Back 47

tri-energy storage
phos- major cell membrane component
steroids- cell membrance compenent; hormones

Front 48

this is composed of a glyceride, and 3 fatty acids

Back 48

triglycerides

Front 49

this is composed of 2 fatty acids and a phosphate,
what is the polarity of each

Back 49

phospholipid

head is polar / hydrophliic
tail is nonpolar/ hydrophobic

Front 50

phospholipids in a single layer form:
the ____ ____ is a bilayer

Back 50

micelles

cell membrane

Front 51

ringed lipiids that can cholestrol.

Back 51

steroids

Front 52

this macro molcule is
-predominant molecule in cells
- monomer is amino acids
-polymer is peptide

Back 52

proteins

Front 53

what are the functions of proteins:

Back 53

support, enzyes, transport, defense, movement

Front 54

how many amino acids are there?

Back 54

20

Front 55

structures of protiens:
____- sequence of amino acids ina protien
____- caused by hydrgoen bonding between functional groups
_____- addition bonding between functional groups
_____- more than one polypeptide chain invloved

Back 55

primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary

Front 56

2 typical forms of secondary protien structures:

Back 56

alpha helix and beta pleated sheets

Front 57

this macromolecule:
-DNa and RNa
monomer- nucleotide

Back 57

nucleic acids

Front 58

What is the function of DNA

Back 58

hereditary material

Front 59

what is the fucntion of RNA

Back 59

organize protien synthesis

Front 60

what is the monmer of Nucleic acids:

Back 60

nucleotide
-5 carbon sugar
phosphate group
nitrogen base