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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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URT
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nose, sinus, throat/pharynx
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LRT
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voicebox/larynx, windpipe/trachea, bronchi, lungs
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Murociliary clearance is an escalator
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mucus moved by ciliated cells up to pharynx where it is swallowed
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URT infections
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Streptococcal Pharyngitis, diphtheria, acute bacterial meningitis
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What does Streptococcus pyogenes cause?
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Streptococcal pharyngitis
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Streptococcus pyogenes structure
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group A strep (GAS) - lancefield grouping based on surface antigens
M protein - surface protein destabilizes C3 convertase (prevents lysis) Hyaluronic acid capsule - evades WBCs |
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What are the toxins produced by Streptococcus pyogenes
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Hemolysins (beta-hemolytic, streptokinases, erythrogenic (pyrogenic) toxins
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Hemolysins (beta-hemolytic)
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lyses RBCs to obtain iron
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Streptokinases
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breakdown bloodclots
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Erythrogenic (pyrogenic) toxins
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located on bacteriophage
results in Scarlet fever |
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Complications of group A strep infection
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Scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, acute glomerulonephritis
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Scarlet fever
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rash on neck and chest, fever, strawberry tongue
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Rheumatic fever
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Abs produced against M protein on the GAS cross react with heart and joints
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Acute glomerulonephritis
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Ab/Ag complexes accumulate in kidney and cause damage
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What causes Diphtheria?
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Corynebacterium diphtheriae
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Diphtheria is transmitted via...
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droplet inhalation
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Pathogenesis of diphtheria
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sore throat and fever
pseudomembrane may form and impair breathing (from dead cells due to toxin) |
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What kind of vaccine is used to prevent diphtheria?
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Toxoid vaccine
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Acute Bacterial Meningitis (ABM) results when...
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localized infection (usu. URT) spreads to blood and then meninges
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Disease progression of ABM
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triad of symptoms - fever, headache, stiff neck
followed by nausea and vomiting and photophobia may progress convulsions, coma, and death (rapid) |
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ABM is caused by encapuslated bacteria able to cross blood-brain barrier
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Neisseria meningitis (meningococcal meningitis)
Streptococcus pneumoniae (streptococcal meningitis) Haemophilus influenzae Type B (rare in US due to HiB vaccine) |
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Infections of LRT
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Pertussis, TB, Pneumonia
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Pertussis (whooping cough) is caused and spread by?
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Bordetella pertussis via respiratory droplets
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What are the two stages of pertussis?
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Catarrhal and Paroxysmal
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Catarrhal (initial) stage of pertussis
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malaise, low grade fever, cough (1-2 weeks)
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Paroxysmal (second) stage
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labored breathing, paroxysms (2-4 weeks)
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What vaccine credited for the low incidence of pertussis?
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DTaP vaccine
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Why is pertussis reemerging (two reasons)?
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Decreased vaccination and increased virulence
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TB caused by...
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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What classification is Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
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Acid fast bacterium (resists Gram stain)
slow growing capacity for intracellular growth - ingested by macrophage and prevents fusion of phagosome with lysosome |
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TB is spread via
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aerosol droplets
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What infectious dose is needed for TB?
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10 cells
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Primary stage of TB
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formation of tubercles in alveoli
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Latent stage of TB
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progression stopped, may be eliminated
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Secondary (reactivated)
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usually accompanies immune impairment
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Miliary (disseminated) (consumption)
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may spread via blood or lymph
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Detection of TB
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tuberculin skin test uses proteins from M. tuberculosis (cannot distinguish between patients who had disease or had been vaccinated)
x-rays of lungs provides evidence of active case |
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Treatment of TB is complicated by...
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complicated by slow growth, intracellular growth and Abx resistance
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Classify TB in terms of resistance
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multi-drug resistent and extensively drug resistent
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Pneumonia
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infection of lung (alveoli)
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Typical Pneumonia caused by
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Common causes are Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae
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Typical Pneumonia is acquired by
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endogenous or exogenous means
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Signs and symptoms of pneumonia
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productive cough (colored sputum), fever, chest pain
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Types of Atypical Pneumonia
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Primary "walking pneumonia" or Legionnaire's disease
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Primary-atypical Pneumonia caused by (describe it)
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Mycoplasma pneumonia (no cell wall, smallest free living bacteria)
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Primary-atypical Pneumonia acquired by
Symptoms may be? |
exogenous - community acquired
Mild |
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Legionnaire's disease caused by
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Legionella pneumophila - exists where water collects (cooling towers, aircon, etc.), affects elderly and immunocompromised, noncommunicable
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