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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Do eukaryotes have flagella? |
yes. they are 10x as thick as prokaryotic flagellum |
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How do eukaryotes move? |
flagella, microtubules |
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What are the functions of the glycocalyx in eukaryotic cells? |
protection, adherence to surfaces, reception of signals from other cells and environment |
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What two organisms do not have cell walls? |
helminths and protozoa |
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What is the purpose of the cell wall of fungi? |
structural support, shape |
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What is the cell wall of fungi made of? |
thick layer of polysaccharide fibers, thin outer layer of glycans |
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What does a cytoplasmic membrane do? |
serves as a selectively permeable barrier |
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What is the site of RNA synthesis? |
nucleus |
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What are functions of the RER? |
allows transport materials from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, ribosome attachment, protein synthesis |
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What is the function of the smooth ER? |
nutrient processing |
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Why does the RER have so many ribosomes? |
form an assembly line to make many proteins from one mRNA |
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Why is the golgi apparatus next to the endoplasmic reticulum? |
it modifies the proteins and then ships them |
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What are the shipping containers between the ER and golgi? |
transitional vesicles |
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What are the shipping containers leaving the golgi? |
condensing vesicles |
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What organelle is only found in plants? |
chloroplasts |
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How do ribosomes of eukaryotes differ from ribosomes of prokaryotes? |
bigger |
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What are the functions of the cytoskeleton? |
anchoring organelles, moving RNA and vesicles, permitting shape changes, movement |
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What are actin filaments? |
protein strands responsible for cellular movements such as contraction, crawling, pinching, and formation of cellular extensions |
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Where can actin filaments be found? |
mostly right inside the cell membrane |
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What are microtubules? |
long hollow tubes that play a role in mitosis |
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What are the functions of microtubules? |
maintain shape of eukaryotic cells without cell walls, transport substances across cell |
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What is the function of intermediate filaments? |
anchor down organelles |
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What are examples of macroscopic fungi? |
muschrooms, puffballs, gill fungi |
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What are examples of microscopic fungi? |
yeast, mold |
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What shape is yeast? |
round to oval |
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How does yeast reproduce? |
asexually |
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What is a chain of yeast cells called? |
pseudohypha |
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What is a single mold cell called? |
single mold cell |
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What does being dimorphic mean? |
When a yeast cell can exist as hyphae or pseudohypha depending on growth conditions |
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Describe the morphology of fungi. |
grow in colonies, yeast are soft uniform texture and appearance like bacteria, filamentous fungi have cotton or hair velvety texture |
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pro and con of hyphae |
food can go anywhere, no damage protection |
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pro and con of septa |
damage protection, not good nutrient spread |
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What is mycelium? |
the woven, intertwining mass of hyphae that makes up the body or colony of a mold |
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What makes up celium? |
hyphae |
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What is septa? |
segments or cross walls found in most fungi that allow the flow of organelles and nutrients between adjacent compartments |
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How does yeast replicate under bad conditions? |
replicate faster to make up for if some die |
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What are mycoses? |
fungal infections (vary in the way the pathogen enters the body and the degree of tissue involvement) |
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primary vs. opportunistic pathogens |
-can sicken healthy persons -attack people who are already weakened |
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What are the beneficial functions of fungi? |
-help decompose organic matter -mycorrhizae -produce large quantities of antibiotics, alcohol, organic acids, and vitamins |
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What is mycorrhizae? |
fungi form stable associations with plant roots and increase their ability to absorb water |
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heterotrophic definition |
acquire nutrients from a wide variety of organic substrates |
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saprobic |
(eating dead things) obtain nutrients from the remnants of dead plants and animals in soil or aquatic habitats |
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parasitic |
(eating live things) grow on the bodies of living animals or plants, although few require a living host |
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What is the difference between bacterial enospores and mold spores? |
bacteria use endospores for protection, fungi use spores for reproduction |
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How does fungi reproduce? |
outward growth of hyphae & spores |
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define sporangiospores and give pros and cons
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spores that form inside the fungus as a result of asexual reproduction. they are well protected but not easy to release. |
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define conidiospores and give pros and cons |
spores that form outside the fungus as a result of asexual reproduction. they are easy to release but not well protected. |
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describe sexual spore formation |
two hyphae touch and meiosis occurs. the advantage of this is gene variability for potentially advantageous adaptations. |
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What are protozoa? |
single cell eukaryotes |
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Where do protozoa live? |
they are aquatic- water and soil (mud) |
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What scientist is associated with protozoa? |
Leewenhook |
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Where do protozoa get their nutrients? |
heterotrophic |
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What allows protozoa to survive in extreme temperature and ph? |
ability to become cyst |
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cyst vs trophozite |
bad environment = rolled up ball for protection = dormant good environment = active form |
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What methods do protozoa use for motility? |
flagella, cilia, amoeba |
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What is an amoeba? |
when a protozoa breaks down cytoskeleton on demand and uses cytoplasm to pull itself along |
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What are the two categories of flatworms? |
cestodes (tapeworms) and trematodes (flukes) |
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What is another word for a roundworm? |
nematode |
