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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cytokinesis |
Division of the cells cytoplasm |
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Coenocytes |
A multi-nucleated cell resulting from repeated mitosis, but no cytokinesis |
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Schizogony |
A special type of asexual reproduction in which the protozoan Plasmodium undergoes multiple mitoses to form a multinucleate Schizont. After cytokinesis releases multiple Merozoites |
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Haploid |
Single set of unpaired chromosomes Most fungi, many algae and some Protozoa |
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Diploid |
Two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent Include plants, animal, fungi, algae and protozoa |
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Gamete cell |
Sex cells Haploid cells Sperm and egg cells Single unpaired chromosomes Created by meiosis |
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Somatic cells |
Diploid cells Body cells Cells with paired chromosomes Created by mitosis
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Kinetoplastids |
Strange mitochondrial DNA called kinetoplast Some are pathogenic |
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Trypanosoma |
African sleeping sickness... ? |
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Leishmania |
? Transmitted by the sandfly Inside-out rot Caused by a unicellular parasite |
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DNA + histone proteins = |
Chromatin fibers (chromosomes) |
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Asexual/sexual reproduction cells? |
Gametes/ Zygotes |
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2 types of Nuclear division |
Mitosis Meiosis |
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Steps of mitosis |
[2n]
1. Interphase - cell growth 2. Prophase - forms chromatids joined by centromere/ spindle 3. metaphase - chromosomes line up in the middle 4. anaphase - sister chromatids separate 5. telophase - nuclear envelope reforms |
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Chromatids are |
Visible threads of DNA/ protein |
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Steps of Meiosis |
[2n] 1. Early prophase 1- homologous chromosomes pair up 2. Late prophase 1- crossing over events 3. Metaphase 1 - homologous chromosomes line up 4. Anaphase 1 - chromosomes move apart 5. Telophase 1 - cell divides -> daughter cells haploid [1n] steps 6-9 are similar to mitosis |
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6 different classifications of protozoa |
Revised and updated based on Nucleotide sequences 1. Parabasala 2. Diplomonadida 3. Euglenozoa 4. Alveoltes 5. Rhizaria 6. Amoebozoa |
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Morphology of Protozoa |
Some have two nuclei Macronucleus Contains many copies of the genome Micronucleus |
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Some protozoa have contractile vacuoles |
that pump water out of the cells |
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Different stages in Protozoan life cycle |
Motile feeding stage called trophozoite Resting stage is called a cyst |
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(Protozoa) Parabasala |
-Have a paranasal body- a golgi body like structure -Lack mitochondria Ex: Trichomonas sp |
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(Protozoa) Diplomonadida |
-Lack true mitochondria -Have two equal-sized nuclei Ex: Giardia sp |
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(Protozoa) Euglenids |
-Photoautotrophic with chlorophylls A&B plus carotene -Store food as paramylon polysaccharide. -Proteinaceous, helical structure on underside of membrane -> Pellicle -Also has an "eyespot" for phototaxis Ex: Euglena |
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(Protozoa) Kinetoplastids |
-Have a single large mitochondrion with a region of mitochondrial DNA called a kinetoplast -Live within animals Ex: Trypanosoma sp Ex: Leishmania sp parasites |
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(Protozoa) Alveolates
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-Have small membrane- bound cavities called alveoli
-Have tubular mitochondrial cristae |
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(Protozoa) Rhizaria
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-Amoebae -> move by means of pseudopods -Formatinifera - armored marine amoebae -> CaCo -radiolaria SiO2 shells |
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(Protozoa) Amoebozoa |
-Have lobe shaped pseudopods. Ex: Naegleria sp Ex: Acanthamoeba sp Ex: Entamoeba sp -> amebic dysentery |
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(Protozoan) Slime molds are now classified as? |
Amoebozoa
-There are two types 1. Plasmodial slime molds 2. Cellular slime molds Ex. Physarum Dictyostelium |
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Fungi mycology
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-Are chemoheterotrophic, with cell walls made of chitin. -They lack chlorophyll, so they don't perform photosynthesis. |
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(Fungi) Mycorrhizae |
-Is the association between roots and fungi that assist plants to absorb water, minerals and small molecules. |
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(Fungi) Mycoses |
-Some fungi that produce disease |
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(Fungi) Molds of Hyphae |
_Long, branched, tubular filaments with either septate -> cells divided by septa or aseptate. |
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(Fungi) Yeasts |
-Small, globular and composed of a single cell. |
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Some fungi are dimorphic |
-Produce both yeastlike and mold-like shapes. -They change in response to environmental conditions. |
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(Fungi) Mycelium (mycelia) |
-Body of mold composed of hyphae intertwined to form a tangled mass. -Most are Saprobes -> absorb nutrients from dead organisms. |
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Haustoria |
-Modified hyphae which penetrate the tissue of the host to withdraw nutrients. |
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(Fungi) Pseudohypha |
-Long filaments of budding yeast cells. |
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(Fungi) Spore formation: -Sporangium - |
-Holds sporangiospores on a stalk called sporangiophore.
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(Fungi) Spore formation: -Chlamydospores - |
-Form with a thickened cell wall inside hyphae. |
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(Fungi) Spore formation: -Conidiospores - |
(Conidia) -Form at tips of hyphae (not in a sac) on stalks called conidiophores. |
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(Fungi) Sexual spore formation |
-Fungal mating types designated as- -Plus -> Male -Female -> female |
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(Fungi) -Four basic steps |
1. Divison Zygomycota 2. Division Ascomycota 3. Division Basidiomycota 4. Deuteromycetes |
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Division Zygomycota |
-Life cycle -> both sexual and asexual reproduction -Form zygosporangia Ex; Rhizopus nigricans |
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Division Ascomycota |
- For ascospores within sacs called asci (ascus) - Reproduce by conidiopores Ex; Penicillium sp. Aspergillus sp. Saccharomyces sp. Neurospora sp. |
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Division Basidiomycota |
-Mushrooms etc. Fruiting body called basidiocarps - basidiomycete yeast -> Cryptococcus neoformans -> fungal meningitis |
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Lichens -> |
-Partnership between fungi and cyanobacteria or green algae
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