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202 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Peptidoglycan
-Fxn and chem composition? |
-Gives rigid support, protects against osmotic pressure (gram pos and neg)
-sugar backbone, cross-linked peptide side chains |
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Cell wall/membrane in gram pos
-Fxn and chem composition? |
-major surface ag for gram pos
-peptidoglycan and teichoic acid (induces IL1, TNFalpha) |
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Outer membrane
-Fxn and chem composition? |
-Major surface ag for gram neg (endotoxin)
-Polysac (ag), lipid A (induces IL1, TNF alpha) |
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Plasma membrane (both)
-Fxn and chem composition? |
-site of oxidative and transport enzymes
-lipoprotein bilayed |
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Periplasm
-Fxn? |
-site of beta-lactamases btwn PM and peptidoglycan in gram neg
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Capsule
-Fxn and chem composition? |
-protects against phago
-polysac (except anthrax which has D-glutamate) |
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Pilus/fimbria
-Fxn and chem composition? |
-adherence to surfaces, sex
-glycoprotein |
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Spore
-Fxn and chem composition? |
-protect from heat, dehydration, chemicals
-dipicolinic acid |
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Glycocalyx
-Fxn and chem composition? |
-mediate adherence to foreign surfaces (catheters)
-polysac |
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What do gram pos have that gram neg don't?
Vice versa? |
Gram pos: Cell wall with teichoic acid.
Gram neg: outer membrane with endotoxin/LPS, periplasmic space |
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What is in the cell membrane of mycoplasma?
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Sterols, no cell wall!
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What is in the cell wall of mycobacteria?
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Mycolic acid, high lipid content
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What is in the capsule of Bacillus anthracis?
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D-glutamate (instead of polysac)
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Which bugs don't stain well?
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"These Rascals May Microscopically Lack Color"
Treponema Rickettsia Mycoplasma Mycobacteria Legionella Chlamydia-no muramic acid in cell wall and intracellular |
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Which bugs need to be stained with Giemsa?
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Borellia
Plasmodium Chlamydia trypanosomes |
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What is Ziehl-Neelsen stain used for?
Silver stain? |
ZN = acid-fast
Silver = legionella, fungi (PCP) |
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Which bugs are obligate aerobes? Why?
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"Nagging Pests Must Breathe"
Nocardia, pseudomonas, mycobacteria TB, bacillus Use oxygen dependent system to generate ATP |
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Which bugs are obligate anaerobes? Why?
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"Can't Breathe Air"
clostridium, bacteroides, actinomyces Lack catalase and/or SOD so susceptible to oxidative damage. Smell like shit, produce gas (makes sense...) |
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Why don't aminoglycosides work against anaerobes?
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Amin(O2)glycosides....require oxygen to enter into cell
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Which bugs are intracellular? Why?
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"Really Cold" - ricketssia, chlamydia. Can't make own ATP so steal it.
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Which bugs are facultative intracellular?
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"Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLY"
salmonella, neisseria, brucella, mycobacterium, listeria, francisella, legionella, yersinia |
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Which bugs have capsules?
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"Kapsules Shield SHiN"
klebsiella, strep (pneumo and GBS), salmonella, hflu, neisseria |
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Which bugs are urease pos?
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"Particular Kinds Have Urease"
proteus, klebsiella, hpylori, ureaplasma |
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What does Protein A do? What bug has it?
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S. aureus, bacterial virulence factor, binds Fc region of IgG to prevent opsonization and phago.
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What does IgA protease do? What bugs have it?
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SHiN (Strep pneumo, Hflu, Neisseria). Bacterial virulence factor, cleaves IgA to allow SHiN to attach to mucosal surfaces
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What does M protein do? What bug has it?
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GAS, bacterial virulence factor, helps prevent phago.
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Exotoxin facts?
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Exotoxin - gram pos and gram neg, carried on plasmid or bacteriophage, induces high titer ab's called antitoxins, destroyed at 60C (except staph enterotoxin).
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Endotoxin facts?
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Lipopolysac, stable at 100C for 1 hr.
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Which bugs make exotoxins?
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S. aureus
S. pyogenes C. diptheriae V. cholerae E. coli B. pertussis C. perfringens/tetani/botulinum B. anthracis Shigella Pseudomonas C. diff |
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What toxins come from staph aureus?
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TSST-1 = TSS (superag)
enterotoxin = food poisoning exfoliatin = staph scalded skin |
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What superag toxin comes from strep pyogenes (GAS)?
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erythrogenic toxin = scarlet fever
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What is an ADP ribosylating protein (AB toxin)?
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B-binding component to receptor that allows endocytosis of toxin
A-active component binds attaches an ADP-ribosyl to host protein to fuck it up |
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Which bugs have ADP ribosylating AB toxins?
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C. diphtheriae
V. cholerae E. coli B. pertussis |
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How does the corynebacterium diphtheriae toxin work?
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Inactivates EF-2 via ADP ribosylation
**similar to exotoxin A of pseudomonas |
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How does the vibrio cholerae toxin work?
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Activate Gs. adenylyl cylases, cAMP via ADP ribosylation. Cl pumped into gut and water follows.
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How does the ecoli toxin work?
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Heat labile: adenylyl cyclase
Heat stable: guanylyl cyclase (ADP ribosylation) LAMP, SGMP |
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How does the bordetella pertussis toxin work?
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Inhibits Gi to increase cAMP (whooping cough), and inhibits chemokine receptors (lymphocytosis) via ADP ribosylation
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How does the clostridium perfringens toxin work?
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alpha toxin is a lecithinase that cleaves cell membranes and causes myonecrosis (gas gangrene) and hemolysis, double zone of hemolysis on blood agar
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How does the clostridium tetani toxin work?
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Tetanospasmin blocks release of GABA and glycine from inhibitory Renshaw neurons in the spinal cord
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How does the clostridium botulinum toxin work?
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Blocks the release of Ach from presynaptic nerve terminals, causing flaccid paralysis
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How does the bacillus anthracis toxin work, what is it called?
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Edema factor itself is an adenylyl cyclase.
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How does the shigella toxin work?
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Shigatoxin cleaves host cell rRNA (60s ribosome) and enhances cytokine release.
**also produced by O157:H7 E. coli, causes HUS |
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How does the S. pyogenes toxin work? (non-superag)
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streptolysin O is a hemolysin (ASO in rheumatic fever)
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What does endotoxin activate immunologically (3 things)?
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Macs (binds to CD14) - IL1, TNFalpha, NO
Alt comp pathway - C3a and C5a Hageman factor (Factor 12) - DIC **Does not activate T cells because it's lipopolysac, not peptide! |
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Explain the bacterial growth curve.
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Lag
Log - rapid division Stationary - nutrient depletion slows growth Death |
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Spore formation happens in what part of the bacterial growth curve?
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Stationary
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What is transformation? Which bacteria are really good at it?
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Uptake of plasmids, SHiN
SHiN have capsules, IgA protease, and uptake plasmids well. |
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What is F+ x F- conjugation?
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F+ plasmid contains genes for conjugation, gives to F- bacteria thru a pillus. Plasmid ONLY.
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What is HFr x F- conjugation?
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HFr cell has plasmid that incorporated into bacterial genome. When gives to F-, plasmid AND chr genes can go too.
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What is generalized transduction?
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Packaging - lytic phage breaks bacterial chr apart and some bacterial DNA gets repackaged into phage when leaves.
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What is specialized transduction?
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Exicision - lysogenic phage incorporates into host chr and when excised to leave, parts of bacterial DNA go with it.
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The genes for which bacterial toxins are encoded in a lysogenic phage? (specialized transduction)
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ABCDE
shigA-like toxin Botulinum Cholera Diphtheria Erythrogenic toxin (GAS) |
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Which strep are alpha hemolytic?
What do they do to the plate? How differentiate? |
S.pneumo, S. viridans
Partial hemolysis, green OVRPS: Optochin viridans resistant, pneumo susceptible Strep have pos Quellung rxn and can't grow in bile, viridans can |
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Which strep are beta hemolytic?
What do they do to the plate? How differentiate? |
GAS (pyogenes), GBS (agalactiae)
Complete hemolysis, clear BBRAS: Bacitracin B resistant A susceptible |
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Which strep are gamma hemolytic?
What do they do to the plate? |
Enterococcus - grows in bile and 6.5% NaCl
Peptostreptococcus (anaerobe) Non-enteroccoci Group D (bovis) No hemolysis |
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What other bugs besides GAS and GBS are beta hemolytic?
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Staph aureus, listeria
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Why is MRSA resistant to beta lactams?
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Altered penicillin binding proteins (PBP)
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What diseases do S. viridans species cause?
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S. mutans - dental carries
S. sanguis - subacute bacterial endocarditis |
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What causes rheumatic fever?
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S. pyogenes (GAS) M protein causes anti-M, which then cross-reacts with heart (Type II hypersen).
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What does S. agalactiae (GBS) produce that enlarges area of hemolysis formed by S. aureus?
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CAMP factor
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What group of strep is enterococcus? What do you grow it in?
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Group D strep
6.5% NaCl and bile |
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What group of strep is Strep bovis? What do you need to screen for if someone is growing this in blood?
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Group D strep
Get a colonoscopy! |
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Corynebacterium mnemonic?
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"ABCDEFG"
ADP ribosylation Beta-phage Corynebacterium Diphtheria EF-2 Granules (red/blue metachromatic) |
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Which bacteria have spores?
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Bacillus cereus/anthracis, Clostridium perf/tet/bot
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What toxins does clostridium difficile produce?
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Toxin A - enterotoxin, attracts PMN, mucosal inflam, loss of water into lumen.
Toxin B - cytotoxin, destroys cytoskeletal structure of enterocytes, actin depolymerization. *opposite of AB toxins |
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How does cutaneous anthrax cause black echar?
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Lethal factor causes necrosis, edema factor (adenylyl cyclase itself) causes edema around it.
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How does listeria move from cell to cell? What kind of motility?
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Actin rockets, tumbling motility
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How do you treat actinomyces and nocardia?
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"SNAP"
Sulfa Nocardia, Actinomyces Penicillin |
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When you get primary TB, you form what in your lungs? Where?
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Ghon complex= Ghon focus in lower lobes and hilar LAD
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What does a pos PPD mean?
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EXPOSURE! Previous infxn, latency, or BCG vaccine.
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Where does mycobacterium leprae like to go?
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Cool places - skin and superficial nerves
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How gets lepromatous leprosy vs tuberculoid leprosy?
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Lepromatous - immunocomp, poor T cell response.
Tuberculoid - healthy. |
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What is the tx for leprosy? What are the toxicities?
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long-term dapsone, which can cause hemolysis and methemoglobinemia (oxidant)
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Why are gram neg bugs resistant to PCN G and vanc?
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Outer membrane prevents entry
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How can you tell the diff btwn N. meningococcus and gonorrhea?
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Meningo - maltose + glc
Gono - glc only |
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What two diseases does legionella cause?
How do you treat it? |
Legionnaire's Disease: PNA and fever, diarrhea.
Pontiac Fever: flu-like illness No person to person transmission! Erythromycin |
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What causes the blue-green pigment in pseudomonas infxn?
What toxins does it produce? |
pyocyanin
endotoxin - it's gram neg exotoxin A - inactivates EF-2 (similar to corynebacterium) |
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What are the 3 virulence factors of E. coli?
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Fimbriae - cystitis, pyelo
K capsule - PNA, neo mening LPS endotoxin - septic shock |
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How does EHEC cause HUS? How do you differentiate it from other types of E. coli?
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Shiga-like toxin causes swelling of endothelium, which leads to mech hemolysis of RBC/plt and decreased renal blood flood causing ARF.
DOES NOT ferment sorbitol! |
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Who gets EPEC? What does it do?
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EPEC - Pediatrics. Adheres to apical surface, flattens villi, prevents absorption. Only type that does NOT produce a toxin!
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Who gets klebsiella PNA?
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alcoholics, DM, aspirators
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How does salmonella get around? What about shigella?
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Flagella propels thru bloodstream (salmon swim). 2 flagellar variants for antigenic variation.
Shigella move inside of cells with actin polymerization. |
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Salmonella causes what? Does it like abx? Reservoir?
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Monocytosis, bloody diarrhea. NO, abx prolong the course. Small animals! Except S. typhi, human reservoir.
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Describe campylobacter microscopically? What does it grow in? What can you get it from?
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Comma shaped, oxidase pos, grows at 42C (hot CAMPfire). Can get it from pets, poultry/unpasteurized milk.
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Describe vibrio cholera?
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Comma shaped, oxidase pos, grows in alkaline media.
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How do you get yersinia enterocolitica? What does it cause?
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Puppy shit, pork, milk
Diarrhea in daycare centers, and mesenteric adenitis |
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How can you treat H. pylori?
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Bismuth+flagyl+tetra/amox
OR PPI+clarithro+metro/amox |
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What are the sx of leptospirosis?
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Fever, HA, jaundice, abd pain, conjunctivitis.
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What is Weil's disease?
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Severe leptospirosis. Fever, hemorrhage, anemia, azotemia, jaundice.
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What happens to kid with congenital syphilis?
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Saber shins, saddle nose, CN8 deafness, Hutchinson's teeth, mulberry molars
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What can cause a false pos VDRL?
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"VDRL"
Virus - mono, hep Drugs Rheumatic fever Lupus, leprosy **test reacts with beef cardiolipin |
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What 2 bugs can cause bacterial vaginosis?
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Gardnerella and mobiluncus
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What classification of bug is Coxiella burnetti? Why is it queer?
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Ricketssial. Transmitted by aerosol, not arthropod vector. Neg Weil-Felix rxn, causes Q fever, no rash.
Cattle placenta, tick feces release spores inhaled as aerosols. |
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What does ehrlichiosis have on PBS?
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granulocytes with berry cluster organisms
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What causes epidemic typhus?
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R. prowazekii (human body louse)
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What is the Weil-Felix rxn?
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Serum mixed with Proteus O antigens. Cross-reacts with ricketssial abs (except coxiella).
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Describe the life cycle of chlamydia? How dx?
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Elementary body - enters
Reticulate body - replicates Cytoplasmic inclusions on giemsa stain or fluorescent ab stained smear. |
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How do you treat mycoplasma PNA?
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erythromycin or tetracycline (no PCN because no cell wall!)
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What is a dimorphic fungi? Which systemic mycosis is NOT yeast in tissue?
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Cold=mold, heat=yeast
Cocci is spherule in tissue, not yeast |
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Can systemic mycoses be transmitted person to person?
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NO
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Name systemic mycoses in order of size (small-->large)?
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Histo, blasto, cocci, paracocci
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Where does histo go (cell)?
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Histo Hides in macs (small!)
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What bug causes tinea versicolor? How does it cause hypo/hyperpig? Treatment?
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Malassezia furfur. Degradation of lipids makes acids that damage melanocytes.
Tx=selenium sulfide, miconazole |
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What does candida albicans look like at 20C and 37C?
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20C=pseudohyphae on wet mount
37C=germ tube formation |
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What are 3 ways you can dx cryptococcus?
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india ink stain
mucicarmine stain latex agglutination text - detects polysac capsular ag (specific) |
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Who gets mucormycosis (mucor, rhizopus)? How do they get in to body?
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DKA, leukemia. Fungi prolif in blood vessel walls where lots of ketone and glc, go thru cribriform plate. Rhinocerebral and frontal lobe abscesses, black eschar on face.
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How do you treat sporotrix? What shape are the yeast?
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Tx=itraconazole or POTassium iodide
Cigar shaped |
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What does entamoeba histolytica look like on histology of colon? Transmission? Tx?
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Flask shaped ulcer if submucosal abscess of colon ruptures. Transmitted by cysts in water.
Tx=metronidazole, iodiquinol |
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How do you diagnose cryptosporidium? Tx?
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acid-fast stain of cyst in stool
prevention by cleaning water supply, no tx available! |
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Classic triad of congenital toxo? Tx of toxo?
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Chorioretinitis
Hydrocephalus Intracranial calcs Tx=Sulfadiazine+pyramethamine |
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How do you dx naegleria fowleri?
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Amoebas in CSF
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What causes African sleeping sickness? How do you get it? Tx?
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Trypanosoma brucei (gambiense or rhodesiense). Tzetze fly bite (ouch).
Tx=SURamin for blood, MELArsoprol for CNS |
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How do you get Chagas disease? Tx?
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Reduviid bug (painless)
Tx=nifurtimox |
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What does Leishmania donovani cause? Transmission, dx, tx?
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Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) - spiking fevers, pancyto, HSM. Sandfly. Macs containing amastigotes (no flagella).
Tx=Sodium stibogluconate. |
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How does plasmodium falciparum cause systemic and fatal disease?
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parasitized RBC's occlude cerebral vessels, kidneys, lungs
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What are the sx of babesiosis? Tx?
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Fever, hemolytic anemia.
Tx=quinine, clindamycin |
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Why can't trichomonas vaginalis exist outside the body?
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No cyst forms
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How do you dx ascaris lumbricoides?
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Eggs visible in feces
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What does strongyloides stercoralis cause?
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anemia, vomiting, diarrhea
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What is dracunculis medinensis? Transmission, tx?
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Nematode found in drinking water. Causes skin inflam and ulceration.
Tx=niridazole |
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How do you treat onchocerca volvulus?
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Ivermectin (rIVER blindess)
"Blackflies, black skin, black sight" |
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What is loa loa? Transmission, sx, tx?
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Nematode transmitted by deer/horse/mango fly. Swelling in skin, can see in conjunctiva.
Tx=Diethylcarbamazine |
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What is wucheria bancrofti? Transmission, sx, tx?
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Elephantiasis (9mos after), female mosquito.
Tx=Diethylcarbamazine |
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What is toxocare canis? Transmission, sx, tx?
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Visceral larva migrans and granulomas (retinal granuloma cause blindness). Food contaminated wtih eggs.
Tx=Diethylcarbamazine |
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How do you treat cestode (tapeworm) and trematode (fluke) infxns?
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Praziquantel (except neurocystercercosis and echinococcus - need mebendazole)
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What does schistosoma mansoni cause?
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Portal HTN, granuloma/fibrosis/inflam of spleen and liver
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What does clonorchis sinensis cause? Risk of what cancer?
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Biliary tract inflam and pigmented gallstones. Risk of cholangiocarcinoma. Comes from undercooked fish.
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What does paragonimus westermani cause?
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Inflam and secondary bacterial infxn of lung-->hemoptysis. Comes from undercooked crab meat.
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Ingested nematodes?
Cutaneous (foot) nematodes? |
EAT - enterobius, ascaris, trichinella
Cutaneous - Strongyloides, ancylostoma, necator |
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What is viral complementation?
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Helper-outer. 1 of 2 virus mutated. Other one ok and mkes functional protein that can help the other one.
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What is viral phenotypic mixing?
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Virus A gets coated with surface proteins of virus B, which determines its infectivity. BUT....progeny will still have virus A coat since that's what's in genome.
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What kind of immunity do live attenuated vaccines stimulate? Killed inactivated?
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Live - humoral and cell-med
Killed - cell-med only |
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Which vaccines are live?
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Smallpox, yellow fever, chickenpox, Sabin, MMR
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Which vaccines are killed?
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"RIP Always"
Rabies, influenza, Polio (salK), hepA |
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Which vaccines are recombinant?
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HBV and HPV (6, 11, 16, 18)
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What are the DNA viruses?
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"HHAPPPPy viruses"
hepadna (B), herpes, adeno, pox, parvo, papilloma, polyoma |
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Which DNA viruses are linear?
Double-stranded? Icosahedral and replicate in nucleus? |
All linear except circular papilloma, polyoma and hepadna (partial).
All ds except parvo. All icosahedral and nuc rep except pox (complex with own DNA-dependent RNA pol). |
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Which RNA viruses are NOT ssRNA?
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Reovirus (colti and rota)
**Note - retrovirus is diploid, 2 ssRNA pieces! NOT dsRNA. |
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Purified nucleic acids of which viruses are infective? (naked viral genome)
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DNA viruses (except pox and hepadna)
ssRNA pos sense |
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What is the only virus that is NOT haploid?
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Retrovirus (diploid, 2 identical ssRNA)
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Which viruses are non-enveloped/naked?
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"Naked HCPR and PAPP smear"
hepe, calici, picorna, reo parvo, adeno, polyoma, papilloma |
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Where do enveloped viruses acquire their envelope? Exception?
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From the PM of cell they are exiting.
Exception - herpes gets from nuclear membrane |
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Where do these herpesviruses remain latent?
HSV1 HSV2 VZV EBV CMV |
HSV1-trigeminal ganglia
HSV2-sacral ganglia VZV-trigeminal and DRG EBV-B cells CMV-mononuclear cells |
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What does the Tzank test look for?
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HSV1, HSV2, VZV
multinuc giant cells and Cowdry A inclusions (intranuc) |
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What are the atypical lymphocytes found in EBV?
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CD8 T cells that are just reacting to EBV, not actually infected. B cells are the ones that are infected!
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Which are reoviruses?
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Coltivirus (Colorado Tick Fever)
Rotavirus |
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Which are picornaviruses?
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"PERCH"
polio echo - aseptic meningitis rhino - cold coxsackie HAV **all of these are enteroviruses EXCEPT rhino, which is acid labile and degraded in stomach. |
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Which are caliciviruses?
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Norwalk virus
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Which are the flaviviruses?
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HCV
yellow fever dengue St. Louis encephalitis West Nile virus |
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Which are the togaviruses?
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Rubella (German measles)
EEE WEE "Eee! Wee! German toga party!" |
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What family does influenzavirus come from?
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Orthomyxo
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Which are the paramyxoviruses?
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"PaRaMyxo"
Parainfluenza (croup) RSV Rubeola (measles) Mumps |
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Which are the filoviruses?
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Ebola/Marburg hem fever
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Which are the arenaviruses?
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LCMV (lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus)
Lassa fever enceph (mice) **you use a lassa in an arena |
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Which are the bunyaviruses?
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California enceph
Sandlfy/Rift Valley fevers Crimean-Congo hem fever Hantavirus (hem fever, PNA) |
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What family is HDV from?
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Deltavirus
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What do neg stranded RNA viruses need to replicate?
Which viruses? |
Need to bring their own RNA-dep RNA pol.
orthomyxo paramyxo rhabdo filo arena bunya delta |
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Which viruses are segmented?
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"BOAR"
bunya, orthomyxo, arena, reo |
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What is an enterovirus? Examples?
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Virus spread by fecal-oral route. All picorna except rhino (polio, echo, coxsackie, HAV)
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Why isn't rhinovirus an enterovirus?
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Acid-labile, gets degraded in stomach and can't infect GI tract like other picornaviruses.
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What does yellow fever cause? Transmission, reservoir?
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High fever, black vomitus, jaundice.
Aedes mosquito, monkey/human reservoir. |
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How does rotavirus cause diarrhea?
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Villous destruction with atrophy leads to decreased absorption of Na and water.
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What are the 2 virulence factors of influenza virus and what do they do?
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Hemagglutinin - promotes viral entry. (amantadine, flu vaccine creates ab's to this)
Neuraminidase - promotes progeny virion release. (oseltamavir) |
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What protein do all paramyxoviruses contain? What drug neutralizes it?
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Surface F protein (fusion) - makes resp epithelial cells fuse into multinuc cells.
Palivizumab (Synagis) neutralizes it. |
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What does mumps cause?
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Parotits, orchitis, aseptic Meningitis (POM poms)
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What is seen in cells infected with rabies virus? Which cells most commonly?
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Negri bodies, Purkinje cells of cerebellum
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What is the progression of sx in rabies?
What kind of vaccine is it? |
Fever, malaise --> pharyngeal spasm, photo and hydrophobia --> paralysis, coma
Killed inactive (RIP Always) |
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What family does each type of hepatitis belong to?
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HAV - picorna
HBV - hepadna (DNA) HCV - flavi HDV - delta HEV - hepe |
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What does hepD need to infect a cell? What is worse, coinfxn or superinfxn?
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Needs HBsAg envelop of hepB. Superinfxn is worse!
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When is anti-HBcAg pos during hepB infxn?
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Window period
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What proteins help HIV get into T cells? Which is the capsid protein?
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gp120-attachment
gp41-fusion and entry p24-capsid |
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Which 3 genes code for structurally important stuff in HIV?
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env = gp120, gp41
gag = p24 pol = rev transcriptase |
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What receptors does HIV bind on macrophages? T cells?
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Mac - CCR5, CD4
T cell - CXCR4, CD4 |
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What mutation confers immunity to HIV? Which slows down the course?
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immune - homozygous CCR5
slower - heterozygous CCR5 |
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When can you can get a false neg HIV test (ELISA and Western blot)?
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first 1-2 mos, body has not mounted ab response yet
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When can you get a false pos HIV test (ELISA and Western blot)?
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Infants - babies get anti-gp120 IgG through the placenta from mom.
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During the latent phase of HIV infxn, where does HIV replicate?
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lymph nodes
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At what CD4 count do VZV and TB reactivate? How about HSV?
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VZV, TB: <400
HSV: <200 |
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What happens to proteins in prion disease?
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Normal protein PrPc turns into bad beta-pleated sheat PrPsc.
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Sporadic prion disease?
Inherited? Acquired? |
Sporadic - Creutzfield-Jakob
Inherited - Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome Acquired - kuru |
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What is normal flora in the colon?
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B fragilis > E coli
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What is normal flora in the vagina? What can colonize?
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Lactobacillus. GBS and E coli can colonize.
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Where does clostridium perfringens food poisoning come from?
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reheated meat
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Which viruses can can cause diarrhea?
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rota, adeno, norwalk
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What causes PNA in neonates <4wks?
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GBS, Ecoli that get from vaginal tract
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What is Kernig's sign?
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Flex knee and then as extend pt feels back/neck pain.
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What is Brudzinski's sign?
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Flex neck and the knees come in.
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What causes postviral PNA?
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Staph, H.flu
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What bug causes osteomyelitis in diabetics and drugs users?
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pseudomonas
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What is the classic triad of congenital rubella?
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PDA/pulm artery hypoplasia
Deafness Cataracts (+/- blueberry muffin rash) |
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What is the triad of congenital CMV?
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hearing loss
seizures petechial rash |
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How can babies with congenital HIV present?
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chronic infxn
diarrhea |
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What does congenital syphilis cause?
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Often stillbirth, hydrops fetalis!
If survives, get facial abnl, saber shins... |
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What does Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome cause?
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Infxn of liver capsule (Glisson's) and violin string adhesions to parietal peritoneum
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What nosocomial infxn do you get from hyperalimentation?
Resp therapy equipment? |
hyperali - candida albicans
resp - pseudomonas |
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What causes low-grade fevers, cough, HSM, and oval yeast cells in macs in an HIV pt?
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Histoplasmosis
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What causes superficial vasc prolif with neutrophilic infiltration in HIV pt?
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Bartonella henselae (bacillary angiomatosis)
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What causes superficial neoplastic vasc prolif with lymphocytic infiltration in HIV pt?
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HHV-8 (Kaposi's sarcoma)
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Where is NHL caused by EBV in HIV pt usually found?
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Waldeyer's ring
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Hint: neutropenic pt (chemo!)
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candida, aspergillus
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Hint: health care provider
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HBV needle stick
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How do you treat MAI?
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ARSE
azithro rifampin streptomycin ethambutol |
