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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Aqueous solutions
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pure water is sole solvent
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Tinctures
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solutions dissolved in pure alcohol or water-alcohol mixtures
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Desirable Qualities in Chemical Agents
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rapid action in low concentration
solubility in water or etoh broad spectrum activity with limited toxicity noncorrosive or non-staining affordability and availability |
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Germicidal Categories according to Chemical Group
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halogens
phenolics chlorohexidine alcohols hydrogen peroxide detergents/soaps heavy metals aldehydes gases dyes acids and alkalis |
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Phenols
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first antiseptic agent used by Lister
standard by which other chemical disinfectants are rated - phenol coefficient |
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Phenol Uses
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low conc - inactivate certain critical enzymes
high conc - cellular poisons general disinfectant of drains, cellpools, animal quarters added to mouthwashes, hand disinfectants |
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Halogens
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F, Br, Cl, I
microbicidal and sporicidal with longer exposure Cl most commonly used |
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Chlorohexidine
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disrupts cell membranes and protein structure
bactericidal at moderate to high conc for gram+ and gram- bacteria, but inactive against spores |
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Chlorohexidine Uses
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mild, low toxicity, rapid action
hand soaps, skin cleansers, eye solutions, neonatal washes, athlete's foot treatment, acne washes |
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Alcohols
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used as disinfectant, but primarily an antiseptic
MOA depends on concentration: <50% - dissolve membrane lipids, disrupt cell surface tension, compromise membrane integrity 50-90% - denatures proteins through coagulation 100% - dehydrates cells and inhibits growth |
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Hydrogen Peroxide
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decomposes into water and oxygen, oxygen forms free radical, bactericidal, virucidal, fungicidal, sporicidal at high concentrations
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Hydrogen Peroxide Uses
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used in hospitals to disinfect surfaces, sterilize hospital rooms and medical equipment, can be harmful to tissue and respiratory system
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Detergents
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Polar molecules act as surfactants, + charged cations insert into cell membrane - more effective; - charged anionic deterg. have limited microbicidal power
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Heavy Metal Compounds
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Oligodynamic action: antimicrobial effects in small amount
binds and inactivates functional groups of proteins toxic to humans, causes allergic rxns, biological fluids and wastes neutralize actions, microbes can develop resistance |
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Aldehydes
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Glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde
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Glutaraldehyde
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kills everything
high level sterilant used on items damaged from heat high potency with short exposure times non corrosive slightly unstable at high temps |
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Formaldehyde
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attaches to nucleic acids and functional groups of aa's
carcinogenic controls growth of algae and fungi |
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Gases
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ethylene oxide (ETO) - blocks DNA replication and enzymatic fxn, sterilizes plastics, medial instruments, and dried foods
propylene oxide - less toxic than ETO, used for foods chlorine dioxide - treat drinking, waste water |
