Microbiology

Front 1

Gram positive organisms

Back 1

Staph, strep, clostridium, corynebacterium, bacillus, listeria, actinomyces, nocardia

Front 2

Bugs that do not Gram stain well

Back 2

"These Rascals May Microscopically Lack Color"

Treponema
Rickettsia
Mycobacteria
Mycoplasma
Legionella
Chlamydia

Front 3

Giemsa stain organisms

Back 3

Borrelia, Plasmodium, trypanosomes, Chlamydia

Front 4

What do you use PAS (periodic acid-Schiff) stains for?

Back 4

Stains glycogen, mucopolysaccharides; used to diagnose Whipple's disease (Tropheryma whippelii)

Front 5

Ziehl-Neelsen is used in what kind of stain for what organisms?

Back 5

Acid-fast stains for organisms like mycobacteria and cryptosporidium

Front 6

India Ink stain is used to visualize what organism?

Back 6

Cryptococcus neoformans

Front 7

Silver stain is used to visualize what organisms?

Back 7

Fungi (ie: Pneumocystis), Legionella

Front 8

what is enriched media

Back 8

Used for H. influenzae. Media enriched with chocolate agar with factors V (NAD+) and X (hematin)

Front 9

What is selective media?

Back 9

"to connect to Neisseria, please use your VPN client"

Vancomycin (inhibit gram-positive organisms)
Polymyxin (inhibits gram-negative organisms)
Nystatin (inhibits fungi)

Front 10

What is Bordet-Gengou agar used to grow?

Back 10

Bordetella pertussis

Front 11

What is Tellurite plate used to grow?

Back 11

C. diphtheriae

Front 12

What is Loffler's media used to grow?

Back 12

C. diphtheriae

Front 13

What is Lowenstein-Jensen agar used to grow?

Back 13

M. tuberculosis

Front 14

What is Eaton's agar used to grow?

Back 14

M. pneumoniae

Front 15

What is MacConkey's agar used to grow and how to you read it?

Back 15

Lactose-fermenting enterics produce acid, turning the plate pink

also an example of "differential media"

Front 16

What is Sabouraud's agar used to grow?

Back 16

Fungi

Front 17

What is used to grow Legionella?

Back 17

Charcoal yeast extract agar buffered with cysteine

Front 18

What are the obligate aerobes?

Back 18

"Nagging Pests Must Breathe"

Nocardia
Pseudomonas
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Bacillus

Front 19

What are the obligate anaerobes?

Back 19

"anaerobes Can't Breathe Air"

Clostridium
Bacteroides
Actinomyces

lack catalase and/or superoxide dismutase and are thus susceptible to oxidative damage.

Generally foul smelling (short-chain fatty acids), difficult to culture, and produce gas in tissue (CO2 and H2)

Front 20

What are obligate intracellular organisms?

Back 20

Rickettsia and Chlamydia

Can't make their own ATP

Front 21

What are the facultative intracellular organisms?

Back 21

"Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLy"

Salmonella, Neisseria, Brucella, Mycobacterium, Listeria, Francisella, Legionella

Front 22

What are the Urease-positive bugs?

Back 22

"Particular Kinds Have Urease"

Proteus, Klebsiella, H. pylori, Ureaplasma

Front 23

What are the pigment-producing bacteria?

Back 23

Actinomyces israelii: yellow "sulfur" granules
S. aureus: yellow pigment
Pseudomonas aeruginosa: blue-green pigment
Serratia marcescens: red pigment

Front 24

What are superantigens?

Back 24

Superantigens bind directly to MHC II and T-cell receptor simultaneously, activating large numbers of T cells to stimulate release of INF-gamma and IL-2.

Examples:
S. aureus: TSST-1, entertoxins, exfoliatin
S. pyogenes: scarlet fever-erythrogenic toxin --> toxic shock like syndrome

Front 25

ADP ribosylating A-B toxins

Back 25

Interferes with host cell function. B = binding component, A = attaches an ADP-ribosyl to a host cell protein altering protein function

Examples:
C. diphtheriae, V. cholerae, E. coli, B. pertussis

Front 26

Explain the mechanism of action of C. diphtheriae toxin

Back 26

Inactivates elongation factor (EF-2) causes pharyngitis and pseudomembrane in throat

similar to pseudomonas exotoxin A

Front 27

Explain the mechanism of action of V. cholerae toxin

Back 27

ADP ribosylation of G protein stimulates adenylyl cyclase, increase pumping of Cl into gut and decrease Na absorption. H2O moves into gut lumen; causes voluminous rice-water diarrhea

Front 28

Explain the mechanism of action of E. coli toxin

Back 28

Heat-labile toxin stimulates Adenylate cyclase. Heat-stable toxin stimulates Guanylate cyclase. Both cause watery diarrhea. "Labile like the Air, stable like the Ground."

Front 29

Explain the mechanism of action of Bordetella pertussis toxin

Back 29

Increases cAMP by inhibiting Galphai; causes whooping cough; inhibits chemokine receptor, causing lymphocytosis

Front 30

Explain the mechanism of action of Clostridium perfringens toxin

Back 30

alpha toxin causes gas gangrene; get double zone of hemolysis on blood agar

Front 31

Explain the mechanism of action of C. tetani toxin

Back 31

blocks the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters GABA and glycine; causes "lockjaw"

Front 32

Explain the mechanism of action of C. botulinum toxin

Back 32

Blocks the release of acetylcholine; causes anticholinergic symptoms, CNS paralysis, especially cranial nerves; spores found in canned food, honey (causes floppy baby)

Front 33

Explain the mechanism of action of Bacillus anthracis toxin

Back 33

Edema factor, part of the toxin complex, is an adenylate cyclase

Front 34

Explain the mechanism of action of Shigella toxin

Back 34

Shiga toxin (also produced by E. coli O157:H7) cleaves host cell rRNA (inactivates 60S ribosome); also enhances cytokine release, causing HUS

Front 35

Explain the mechanism of action of S. pyogenes toxin

Back 35

Streptolysin O is a hemolysin; antigen for ASO antibody, which is used in the diagnosis of rheumatic fever

Front 36

What are the toxins that induce cAMP?

Back 36

V. cholerae toxin (turns "on")
Pertussin toxin (turns "off")
E. coli
Bacillus anthracis

Front 37

Which toxins are encoded in a lysogenic phage?

Back 37

"ABCDE"

ShigA-like toxin, Botulinum toxin, Cholera toxin, Diphtheria toxin, Erythrogenic toxin