Microbiology Scb 260

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Prokaryotic cells

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lacking a nucleus

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Eukaryotic cells

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containing a well-organized, membrane-bound nucleus

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spontaneous generation

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Aristotle (384–322 BC)

the notion that life can arise from nonliving matter

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Cell theory

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All cells only come from other cells (the principle of biogenesis).Cells are the fundamental units of organisms

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Endosymbiotic theory

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mitochondria and chloroplasts arose as a result of prokaryotic cells establishing a symbiotic relationship within a eukaryotic host

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isotonic medium

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the solute concentrations inside and outside the cell are approximately equal, so there is no net movement of water across the cell membrane

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hypertonic medium

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The solute concentration outside the cell exceeds that inside the cell, so water diffuses out of the cell and into the external medium

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hypotonic medium

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the solute concentration inside the cell exceeds that outside of the cell, so water will move by osmosis into the cell. This causes the cell to swell and potentially lyse, or burst

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Vertical gene transfer

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Transfer of genetic material from parent to offspring

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Horizontal gene transfer

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Movement of genetic material across normal mating barriers

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Bacillales

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Gram positive bacteria

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Clostridiales

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Gram positive

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Endospores

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A structure that is composed of keratin and contains DNA produced within the bacteria. They are highly resistant, designed to ensure survival and preserve the genetic information under environmental stress.

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Gram-Postive cell wall

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Structurally simple, contains a thick layer of Peptidoglycan w/ embedded teichoic acid external to plasma membrane, usually looks purple

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Gram-negative cell wall

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Structurally more complex, contains 3 layers 1.Inner membrane, 2. Thin layer of peptidoglycan , 3. Outer membrane continuing Lipoplysaccharide (harder to kill because of the lipid layer), usually looks red after staining.

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Teichoic acid

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Made out of lipids that are hydrophobic.

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isomers

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Molecules with the same atomic makeup but different structural arrangement of atoms

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structural isomers

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Compounds that have identical molecular formulas but differ in the bonding sequence of the atoms

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stereoisomers

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Isomers that differ in the spatial arrangements of atoms

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Enantiomers

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molecules that have the characteristic of chirality, in which their structures are nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other

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optical isomers

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chirality

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a property of an item that cannot be superimposed on its mirror image

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What are the 4 types of Flagella

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Monotrichous (one), Amphitrichous (opposite), Lophotrichous, and peritrichous

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Archaella

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Motile Archeal cells, rotates like flagella, uses ATP for energy, lacks cytoplasmic core

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Plasmids

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a small circular DNA strand in the cytoplasm of a bacterium or protozoan

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Pili

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Used for the transfer of DNA and certain genes, attracts to surface and used for motility, only one if present in cell

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Chemotaxis

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The directed migration of cells in response to concentration gradients of extracellular signals

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Phototaxis

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The bodily movement of a motile organism in response to light, either toward the source of light ( positive phototaxis ) or away from it ( negative phototaxis ).

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The Nucleolus

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Dark dense area within the nucleus, site of rRNA synthesis and preibosomal assembly

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Endomembrane system

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Composed of a series of memebrarnous intracellular structures that facilitate movements of materials throughout the cell

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Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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Studded with ribosomes for the synthesis of membrane proteins (which give it its rough appearance).

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Golgi apparatus

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Modifies lipids and proteins, producing glycolipids and glycoproteins, respectively, which are commonly inserted into the plasma membrane.

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Intermediate filaments

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Composed of multiple strands of polymerized subunits. They are more permanent than other cytoskeletal structures and serve a variety of functions.

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Microtubules

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Hollow structures composed of polymerized tubulin dimers. They are involved in several cellular processes, including the movement of organelles throughout the cytoplasm.

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Centrosomes

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Composed of 2 centrioles positioned at right angles to each other.

In animal cells, the centrosomes (arrows) serve as microtubule-organizing centers of the mitotic spindle during mitosis.

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Mitochondria

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surrounded by two membranes, the inner of which is extensively folded into cristae and is the site of the intermembrane space. The mitochondrial matrix contains the mitochondrial DNA, ribosomes, and metabolic enzymes.

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Extracelluar Matrix

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Composed of protein and carb components, protects cells from physical stresses and transmits signals

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Monomers

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Smaller molecules that act as building blocks that are linked together in great number forming a polymer

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Non-polar covalent

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Pair of e- are shared nearly equally b/t atoms

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Polar covalent bond

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Spend more time around the more e- negative of the 2 atoms, strong bond ex: H2O

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Ionic bonds

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E- are stripped from a cation by an anion, weaker than covalent bonds

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Hydrogen bond

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Partial positive charges are attracted to negative charges of other atoms

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Acid

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Dissolves into H+ and one or more anions

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Base

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Binds with H+ when dissolved into water; some dissociate into cations and OH-

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Synthesis reaction

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Involve the formation of larger more complex molecules

Uses energy

Requires endothermic energy

All synthesis reaction is called Catabolism

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Decomposition reaction

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Breaks bonds within larger molecules

Gives off energy

Releases exothermic energy

Most common type is Hydrolysis (ionic components of water are added to products)

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Exchange reactions

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Involve breaking and forming covalent bonds

Involves endo and exothermic steps

Atoms moving from one molecule to another

Reactions are reversible

In organisms its called metabolism

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What Organic Macromolecules are needed?

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Lipids, carbohydrates, nuclei acids and proteins

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Dehydration synthesis

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Monomer molecules bind end to end in a process that results in the formation of water molecules as a byproduct

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Carbohydrates

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Most abundant biomolecules

Energy storage, receptors, food, structural role in plants, fungal cell walls, exoskeletons of insects

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Lipids

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Energy storage, membrane structure, insulation, hormones, pigments

Not composed or reg subunits, all hydrophobic (non-polar covalent bond)

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What are the 4 groups of lipids?

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Fats

Phospholipids

Waxes

Steroids

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Nuclei acids

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Storage and transfer of genetic information

Lacks phosphate group

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Proteins

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Enzymes, structure, receptors, transport, structural role in the cytoskeleton of a cell and the extracellular matrix

Mostly composed of C, H, O, N

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Waxes

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Contain 1 long chain fatty acid covalently linked to long chain alcohol by ester bond

Lack hydrophilic head, insoluble in water

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Peptide bond

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Amino acids may chemically bond together by reaction of the carboxylic acidgroup of one molecule with the amine group of another

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Nuclei acids are composed of

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Phosphate

Pentode sugar- deoxyribose (DNA) or ribose (RNA)

1 of 5 cyclic nitrogenous bases