Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
dust from dry dirt that holds a pathogen |
what is inanimate dust? |
|
|
what are the four structures of the upper respiratory system? |
1) nasal cavity 2) auditory tube opening 3) pharynx 4) uvula |
|
|
what are the six structures of the lower respiratory system? |
1) epiglottis 2) larynx 3) trachea 4) pleurae 5) bronchus 6) bronchiole |
|
|
what are three upper respiratory diseases caused by bacteria? |
1) Streptococcal pharyngitis (Strep throat) 2) Scarlet fever 3) Diptheria |
|
|
what are three lower respiratory diseases caused by bacteria? |
1) tuberculosis 2) bacterial pneumonias 3) Legionnaires' Disease |
|
|
causative agent of strep throat? |
Streptococcus pyogenes (gram positive cocci) |
|
|
transmission of strep throat? |
airborne droplets |
|
|
symptoms of strep throat? (3) |
-fever, but no runny nose -red pharyngeal tissues from tissue erosion -purulent (pus containing) abscesses covering tonsils |
|
|
pathogenicity/virulence factors for strep throat? (3) |
-M protein: destabalizes complement (C3b) & retards phagocytosis -streptokinase: breaks blood clots allowing bacteria to spread -streptolysin: lyses RBCs, WBCs, and platelets |
|
|
how do you classify Streptococci bacteria? |
they are based on hemolytic properties and cell wall carbohydrates |
|
|
three hemolytic properties of Streptococci |
gamma hemolytic: no effect. no change
alpha hemolytic: olive green cells viridans streptococci (endocarditis) beta hemolytic: complete lysis |
|
|
what are carbohydrate substances? |
designated groups A-O, also known as Lancefield groupls |
|
|
what are the worst streptococci for humans? what is the most common type of this bacteria? |
Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci Streptococcus pyogenes |
|
|
what are 3 other conditions resulting from pathogenic Streptococcus? |
1) scarlet fever 2) erysipelas 3) necrotizing fasciitis |
|
|
Streptococcus bacteria invade and attack fascia and then your muscle cells |
what is necrotizing fasciitis? |
|
|
what is the causative agent of scarlet fever? |
Streptococcus pyogenes with a lysogenized bacteriophage |
|
|
what does the scarlet fever bacteriophage genome do? |
encodes erythrogenic toxin, which breaks capillaries |
|
|
symptoms of scarlet fever? |
-red rash caused by blood leaking though walls of capillaries damaged by toxin -rash at mouth, neck, chest |
|
|
acute infection of dermal layer with Streptococcus |
what is erysipelas? |
|
|
symptoms of erysipelas? |
painful reddish patches recur periodically at the same body site |
|
|
who does erysipelas usually afflict? (2) |
-people over the age of 30 with a history of strep throat -infants with a weak immune system |
|
|
causative agent of diphtheria? |
Corynebacterium diphtheriae (gram positive, rod with metachromatic granules) |
|
|
explain Cornebacterium diphtheriae division |
remains particially attached after division yielding an angular or palisade arrangement |
|
|
transmission of diphtheria |
inhaling respiratory droplets near tonsils |
|
|
pathogenicity of diphtheria |
exotoxin encoded by lysogenic corynephage (bacteriophages that infect corynebacterium) |
|
|
what two polypeptides is the toxin in diphtheria composed of? |
-one binds human growth factor receptor on human cell triggering endocytosis -other one destroys eukaryotic elongation factor, blocks protein synthesis |
|
|
symptoms of diphtheria |
pseudomembrane which results in respiratory blockage |
|
|
what is a pseudomembrane made up of? (3) |
-mucus -dead cells -fibrous material |
|
|
treatment of diphtheria? treatment in severe cases? |
-antitoxin and antibiotics -vaccinate with DTaP insert tracheostomy tube |
|
|
Causative agent of Tuberculosis |
Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
|
|
What disease causes more deaths in developing countries compared to any other bacterial disease? |
tuberculosis |
|
|
what are unique characteristics of Mycobacterium? (5) |
1) cell wall contains a waxy lipid called mycolic acid 2) slow growth 3) protection from lysis after phagocytosis 4) capacity for intracellular growth 5) resistance to: -gram staining (only stain from acid-fast procedure -detergents -many antimicrobial drugs -dessication |
|
|
transmission of tuberculosis |
Mycobacterium tuberculosis inhaled into lungs usually through multiple exposures |
|
|
pathogenicity/virulence factors of tuberculosis |
-mycolic acid: protects bacteria from lysis once phagocytosed -cord factor: daughter cells remain attached to one another in parallel arrangement. inhibits migration of neutrophils, and is toxic to mammalian cells |
|
|
What tuberculosis involves formation of tubercles? |
primary tuberculosis |
|
|
development of tubercle in the lung (5) |
1) 5-10 bacteria in droplet 2) macrophage engulfs bacteria (bacteria block fusion of phagosome and lysosome) 3) bacteria replicate inside macrophage 4) tubercle froms 5) cells at center of tubercle die -> caseous necrosis |
|
|
how many people get sick from tuberculosis? |
-10% very ill in 3 months
-90% just get fever and weight loss |
|
|
three things part of tubercle formation |
1) living bacteria 2) white blood cells 3) fibrous materials |
|
|
symptoms of tuberculosis |
-blood in sputum -cough -chest pain -fever -weight loss |
|
|
when tubercles break and spread in the lungs, common with immunosuppression |
what is secondary/reactivated tuberculosis?
|
|
|
when the tubercle may break and spread bacteria via lymph and blood to liver, kidneys, meninges, and bone marrow (leads to "consumption" of tissues) |
what is disseminated/military tuberculosis? |
|
|
diagnosis of tuberculosis |
-detection in sputum sample -tuberculin (Purified Protein Derivative) skin test: injection of 0.1mL of M. tuberculosis cell wall antigens -x-ray to detect tubercles |
|
|
treatment of tuberculosis |
-combination therapy: -use of isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol for 6 months-DOTS: Directly Observed TreatmentShortcourse |
|
|
what are new threats for tuberculosis? (2) |
1) MDR-TB: multi-drug resistant 2) XDR-TB: extensively drug resistant |
|
|
prevention of tuberculosis? |
-immunization of BCG vaccine where TB is common -no vaccine is available in US |
|
|
what is pneumonia? |
inflammation of the lungs. alveoli and bronchioles become filled with fluid |
|
|
when the fluid in alveoli is pus |
what is empynema |
|
|
when the pleurae become inflammed |
what is pneumonia pleurisy? |
|
|
causative agent of pneumococcal pneumonia |
Streptococcus pneumoniae gram positive and encapsulated |
|
|
transmission of pneumococcal pneumonia |
airborne droplets |
|
|
symptoms of pneumococcal pneumonia (3) |
-fever -fatigue -hacking cough |
|
|
pathogenicity/virulence of pneumoccocal pneumonia (3) |
-capsule preventing phagocytosis -pneumolysin: binds cholesterol in ciliated epithelial cells causing lysis of cells -IgA protease: destroys IgA in mucus, damage to lining of alveoli allows fluid to enter lungs |
|
|
who is mostly affected by pneumococcal pneumonia? (6) |
-compromised affected elderly -malnourished -smokers -viral-infected -immune suppressed -hospital patients |
|
|
what type of disease is pneumococcal pneumonia? |
secondary disease |
|
|
causative agent of primary atypical pneumonia? what is unique about it? |
-Mycoplama pneumoniae -no cell wall & pleomorphic (many shapes) -one of the smallest bacteria to cause human disease |
|
|
where does primary atypical pneumonia cause epidemics? |
crowded places |
|
|
who does primary atypical pneumonia usually affect? |
healthy high school and college students |
|
|
pathogenicity of primary atypical pneumonia? (2) |
-bacteria attach to base of cilia causing them to stop beating -colonization destroys epithlial cells lining respiratory tract |
|
|
what type of morphology does primary atypical pneumonia have? |
"fried egg" morphology |
|
|
what is another name for Legionnaire's Disease? where does it get its name from? |
-Legionellosis -1976 outbreak amongst Legionnaires at a conference in Philidelphia |
|
|
causative agent of Legionnaire's disease? |
-Legionella pneumophila gram negative, rod |
|
|
transmission of Legionnaire's disease? |
-exists where water collects: air conditioners, puddles humidifiers |
|
|
symptoms of legionnaire's disease (4) |
-fever -dry cough -fatigue -complications of GI tract, nervous system, liver, or kidney |
|
|
pathogenicity of legionnaire's disease (2) |
-intracellular parasite of macrophages/other cells (waterborne protozoa) -causes tissue destruction and inflammation of the lungs |
|
|
treatment of legionnaire's disease |
treat water source with chlorine or heat |
|
|
what are ways to prevent airborne disease? (3) |
1) eradication or control of source -disposal of contaminated material -confinement of patients/microbial therapy 2) vaccination 3) block access of pathogen to susceptible individuals -wear masks and goggles -employ therapies to reduce coughing & sneezing -wash hands |
