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144 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The field of microbiology was initially called
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bacteriology
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what does microbiology include
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virology, molecular biology, parasitology
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"pasteurized" is the work of
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Louis Pasteur, in France
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What did Louis Pasteur prove?
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that yeast fermented the juice of alcohol. He saved the french wine industry
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Who made his doctors wash their hands with a chlorine solution before delivering babies? (drop in childbed fever)
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Ignaz Semmelweis
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What is antisepsis?
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he prevention of infection in the hospital
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Who used phenol red to spray over surgical settings and the incision? he went further with antisepsis
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Joseph Lister
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What did Florence Nightingale do?
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establisged a true school for nurses, proved that lack of hygiene and nutrition caused many deaths during the crimean war
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true or false. All microbes are pathogenic
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FALSE
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What are fomites?
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the objects viruses and bacteria can be deposited on. EX. Staphylococcus
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What are aerosols?
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droplets that others spray. Ex. chicken pox, anthrax
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Whats a medium?
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a combination of nutrients which provide an appropriate physical and chemical environment to suporrt microorganism growth
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What is the most prevalent element in the cell? It is the structural backbone of organic compounds
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carbon
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What are autotrophs?
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self feeders that can use the carbon dioxide in the air
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What are heterotrophs?
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must ingest other carbon-containing compounds
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What makes amino acids?
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nitrogen
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What makes proteins?
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amino acids
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What is required for nuclein acids and the phospholipids of membranes? its a part of ATP
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Phosphorus
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Sulfur is needed to produce what?
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some amino acids and vitamins
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Transferring cells from one medium to another is aka?
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introduction
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What is a colony?
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a visible mass of cells resulting from the repeated division of a single cell and its daughter cells
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What does an autoclave use to clean petri plates?
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steam and high pressure
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What is a synthetic medium that is completley chemically characterized and each ingredient is know with the amounts specified
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Defined Medium
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What is an undefined medium?
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a complex medium that contains an extract or digest of unknown chemical compositions
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The process of killing all lifeforms is?
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sterilization
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media may be either ____ or ____?
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liquid or solid
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Whats a liquid form broth
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consists of nutrients dissolved in water and sterilzed before use.
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Whats a solid form broth?
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solidifying agent is added, originally gelatin tried
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Who ushered the golden age of microbiology?
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Robert Koch
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Who suggested using and algal extract, agar, as a solidfying agent?
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Angelina Hesse(wife of research in Kochs lab)
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Richard Petri did what?
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created the shallow, lidded dish to pour melted agar into
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Whats the formula for the commonly used nutrient broth/agar?
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neef extract, peptone, water
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Whats peptone?
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partial digest of plan proteins
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Beef extract is?
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provide carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, vitamins, minerals
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Water acts as what in the nutrient broth/agar?
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as a solvent
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Most media are sterilized in?
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an autoclave
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What is an autoclave?
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a machine that fills a large chamber with pressured steam
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true or false. Antiobiotics and vitamins are too sensitive to heat, and are filtered instead
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TRUE
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Gas pipets are placed where?
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into metal containers and sterilized in hot air ovens to prevent moisture accumulation
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Whats the aseptic technique?
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The term used for all the procedures followed to preven contamination
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The cells used in an inocuation are referred to as?
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the inoculum
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a Simple stain is?
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the use of one dye
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What is used to intensify the primary stain?
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a mordant
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What can be used to identify the bacteria that cause tuberculosis and leprosy?
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the acid-fast stain
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What color do gram positive cells stain and why?
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purple or crysta violet because the first dye is present after the ethynl alcohol is used
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Explain the 180 quadrant technique
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Flame the loop only once when you begin. 5 streaks at top and bottom, then sqiggle the middle
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A differential stain has how many dyes?
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two or more
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Subculturing is
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The term for transferring an inoculum from a culture to a new medium
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How is routine culturing performed?
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making slants by sliding the loop up the surface in a zigzag pattern
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What is a pure culture?
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those containing only one species of an organism (not one genus) you can obtain pure cultures form streak plate and spread plate
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Streaking can give you what type on information?
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qualitative
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Describe a spread plate?
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uses a small volume spread across the surface of the plate
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Describe a pour plate?
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the sample is placed into an empty container and agar is poured over it.
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How can the number of bacterial cells in the original broth be calculated?
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By knowing the dilution and amoutn used
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What is a stock culture?
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one thats held in reserve to replenish the working culture
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Describe a stock culture?
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A screw cap tube containing the stock medium in the form of an agar is inoculated by stabbing the loop into the agar. Then mineral oil is added to slow the diffusion of oxygen.
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What was he first method to group/ classify microoganisms?
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appearace aka cultural characteristics
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What are two rights only for United States citizens?
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- vote in a federal election
- run for federal office |
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What is the all inclusive reference of bacteria? it provides a description in addition to the biochemical and environmental info
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Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology
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The colonies of what lack any specific color and are translucent and spreading?
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E.coli
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What colonies have a golden color and are opaque and round?
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S.aureus
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bacteria are transparent in what state?
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their natural state
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Hans Christian Gram developed what?
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The Gram stain
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Describe the Gram stain?
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bacterial cells retain the first stain used and the tissue loses its color when rinsed with alcohol. A second lighter color is then used to restain the tissue for contrast. Most important differential staining procedure!
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wHAT IS THE FIRST STAIN REFERRED TO AS?
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PRIMARY STAIN
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What causes the selective removal of the primary stain from some types of cells or from certain parts of the cell?
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decolorizing agent
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What is the second dye used called?
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counterstain
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For the gram stain, what is the primary stain?
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crystal violet
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For the gram stain, what is the mordant?
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iodine
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For the gram stain, what is the decolorizing agent?
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ethyl alcohol
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For the gram stain, what is the counterstain?
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Safranin
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What is the function of Ethyl alcohol in the gram stain?
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decolorizing some cells
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What is the function of safranin in the gram stain?
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to turn cells pink or red, counterstain.
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Cells that retain the purple color of the crystal violet are classified as
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gram positive
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Cels the ose the crystal violet and are re stained with the safranin are classifed as
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gram negative
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Which type of cells have a thick wall of peptidoglycan?
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gram postive
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Which type of cells have an outer lay of lipopolysaccharides?
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gram negative
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Describe the acid fast procedure
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slide is heated during staining to aid penetration of the dye, is used to identify pathogenic bacteria such as tuberculosis and leprosy
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The tough resistant spore coat of endospores does what?
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allows cell to protect its DNA through harsh conditions and to germanate when conditions are favorable again
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The thick slimy capsule around cells does what?
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prevents the phagocytes from recognizing them as foreign cells, allowing the cells to grow and infect
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Smears are usually ______ to soagulate proteins and cause the cells to _____ to the slide despite various ______.
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heat fixed,stick, rinses
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What did Anton can Leeuwenhock develope?
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a simple microscope and describes "animalcules" he saw
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A compound microscope has
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two lenses
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Describe an abbe substage condenser
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focuses the light onto the specimen from below, increased visibility, as did development of the oil-immersion lens
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Describe the iris diaphragm
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controlls the amount of light that passes through
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Whats magnification?
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the enlarging of the image of the specimen
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Whats resolution?
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The ability to distinguish two objects ha are very close together as being two seperate objects
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NAme four light microscopes
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bright-field, dark-field, phase contrast, fluorescence
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What do all the light microscopes have in common?
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all use some form of light and all have glass lenses
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Name two electron microscopes:
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trasmission and scanning
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What do both electron microscopes have in common?
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they yse beams of electrons for illumination and focus those beams with electromagnets
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The higher the magnification of the lens, the more ____ that is needed
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light
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What lens is an oil immersion lens?
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100x
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DEscribe the oil immersion lens
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oil is applied to the slife and the tip of the lens must be immersed in the oil. The oil prevents light beam from bending away from the lens as it exits the glass slide
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What is a parfocal?
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image will remain essentially in focus if you change lenses
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What is metabolism?
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the sum total of all reactions needed for life
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What is catabolism?
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the reactions that break down substrates into smaller substances and release energy
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What is anabolism?
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the synthetic reactions that build a cells own constituents
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What are enzymes?
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proteins that facilitate these metabolic reactions
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What is an extracellular enzyme?
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made inside the cell but act outide, breakdown large substances into smaller units that can then be used inside the cell.
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What is an intracellular enzyme?
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made within and act within the cell, breakdown substances for energy production
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Name 3 nutrient sources:
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lipis, proteins, carbs
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lipids are made of what?
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glcerol "backbone" with one to three fatty acids attached.
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proteins are made of?
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linked amino acids
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carbs are made of?
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individual sugars either monosaccharrides or disaccharides
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What is hydrolsis?
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breakdown of proteins and carbs by extracellular enzymes
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small molecules can be used for what?
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cells structure, or broken down to provide energy and/or by-products
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What is selective medium?
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to eliminate all but the type of organism you are looking for. to inhibit or allow growth of those undesired types. ex. salt, sodium
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What is a differential medium?
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to distinguish a species from numerous members of the same genus
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What is phenol red?
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indicator used to see if there is fermentative bacteria, if there if, red turns to yellow
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What is blood agar used to look for?
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colonies with hemolysins
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What are hemolysins?
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enzymes the break down blood
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Beta-hemolytic?
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completeley destroy the blood cells
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Alpha-hemolytic?
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partially break down blood
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Gamma-hemolyitc?
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grow but dont break down blood(non-hemolytic)
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What contains bile salts(intestinal bacteria) and crystal violet(gram neg growth)
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MacConkey agar
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Describe gram negative bacteria
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produce acid from lactose, dark red growth. Those that dotn produce acid are colorless
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What is higher than 7.5% salt and inhibts growth of bacteria that arent tolerant of salt?
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Mannitol salt agar
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What generally grows in mannitol salt agar?
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staphlococcus
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What ferments mannitol?
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S. aureus produces the acid(turning ph idicator to yellow)
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Describe fermentation
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ph indidcator turns yellow in acid prescense
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describe catalase activity
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after hydrogen peroxide is added, bubbles appear
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Describe the production of hydrogen sulfide?
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as hydrogen sulfide reacts with iron, medium turns black
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Describe urease activity
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ph indicator turns pink in ammonia presence.
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Generally as ____ increases, _____ work faster
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temperature, enzymes
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what are psychrophiles?
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grow best in temp -5-20C, ex. ocean
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What are mesophiles?
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grow best in 12-45C, ex. our bodies
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What are thermophiles?
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grow best from 42-65C ex. volcanic activity
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What are pyschrotrophs?
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Essentially mesophiles, grow in 0-45C ex. refridgerator spoilage organism
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What are aerobes?
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bacteria that can live only in the presense of oxygen
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What are aerotolerant anaerobes?
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bacteria that dont use oxygen but are not inhibited by it
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What are facultative anaerobes?
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function in the presence and absence of oxygen night grow more in the presence of oxygen
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Growth refers to the increase in..
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number of cells rather than increase in size
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NAme 3 methods used to determine bacterial growth:
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turbidity measurements, colonu counts, respiration rates
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spectrophometer measures
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turbidity (aka optical density)
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True or false. we do not get an exact count of cells with the spectrophometer.
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TRUE
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describe the standard bacteral growth curve.
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lag phase cells are adjusting to thir environment and dont reproduce. log phase- cells divide at an exponential rate.stionary phase-number of cells dividing equals number of cells dying. death phase-cells die.
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Generation time is
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he time it takes for the pop to double
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Starch is an..
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amylase
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Tributyrin is ..
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lipase
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hydrogen peroxide is..
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catalase
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amylase breaks down..
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starch into sugar
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lipse breaks down..
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lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
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Caseinase breaks down..
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casein into amino acids
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