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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Polymerization Reaction Step 1?
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RNA and DNA first bind making a closed complex
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Polymerization RXN step 2?
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DNA strands pull apart to make an open complex
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Polymerization RXN after open complex?
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Ribonucleoside triphosphate bonds to template at start site.
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Polmerization RXN step after binding at start site?
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RNA polymerase catalyzes the reaction in which the alpha phosphate of the second nucleotide joins w/the 3' hydroxyl of the first nucleotide.
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Polymerization RXN after polymerase catalysis and before the transcription bubble forms?
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The RNA polymerase holoenzyme loses or releases its sigma factor.
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Polymerization RXN after sigma factor is released.
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The transcription bubble of DNA-RNA hbrid forms. It is about 18 bases long and holds the RNA polymerase.
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Last step of Polymerization RXN, aftr the DNA-RNA hybrid forms?
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Antiparallel complementary copy (transcript) is made on one strand of dna in a particular.
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1 Cause of Pausing- helped by attenuation.
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Hairpins cause the 3' end of the RNA to be displaced from the active center.
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1 Cause of Pausing- occurs where there might be a string of U's.
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RNA Bactracking- where RNA polymerase is weak ( because U is weaker than C...)
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Ribosome
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3 different RNA
20 different Amino Acids enormous enzyme that polymerizes specific amino acids into polypeptide chains w/mRNA as a guide. |
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Whole Unit of RNA
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70S
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30 S
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21 different proteins initiated translation by binding to mRNA and then to the second part of RNA.
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50 S
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31 different proteins- forms peptide bonds and translocates the nucleic acid.
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DNA strand that is copied
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transcribed strand
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DNA strand that isn't copied
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coding strand
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This attaches methionine to the tRNA
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aminoacultransferase
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this adds a formy group to form the fMet-tRNAfmet.
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transformylase enzyme
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this removes the n-terminal methionine
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the enzyme methionine aminopeptidase
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a 5-10 nucleotide set on 5' ide that define a TIR. are complementary to short sequnces w/in regions of 16S.
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Shine-Dalgarno sequence
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Factor-independent termination
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2 sequences- inverted repeat
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Factor-dependent termination
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pho termination: short string of amino's; RNA forms a hairpin which destroys the DNA-RNA hybrid.
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Translational Fusions
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2 coding sequences are cloned so they are translated into the tsame frame w/no nonsense codons b/w them. this makes a fuision protein w/either amino terminus or carboxyl terminus.
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RNA precursors
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sugar ribose at 2nd carbon, uracil, bases 5'-3', phosphates 3'-5'.
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pseudoknots
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unpaired region pairs w/another in hairpin to form a knot: held weakly together by H bonds.
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secondary structure of RNA
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paired strands are antiparallel and stiff.
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tertiary structure of RNA
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the RNA is stiffer, folds back on self, has pseudoknots.
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polycistronic mRNA
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more than one TIR to allow simulataneous translation of more than one sequence of mRNA.
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3' untranslated region
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region between the last codon and the 3' end
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ambiguity in translation
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specify differently at certain locations of mRNA (UGA is example).
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Nonsense codons
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VAA, VAG, UGA: don't encode amino acids, they terminate.
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spontaneous mutagenesis
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occur normally as mistakes in DNA replication; rarer but less likely to contain more than one kind of mutation; can be base pair changes, duplications, insertions, deletions, frameshifts, etc.
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induced mutagenesis
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treating the ells w/some chemicals or with some types of irradation by iducing. can get only one particular type of muatation.
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genotype
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geneticcomposition, lacZ
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phenotype
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observable or detectable property, LacZ
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Haploid
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single set of genes- 1 copy
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Alleles
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different or alternative forms of a particular gene proA58, pro A79
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proA-
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mutant (doesn't have function), absence of phenoytpe
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homozygous
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organism with two identical alleles
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heterozygous
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organism with two different alleles.
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wild type strain
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arbitrarily chosen sterain
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wild type strain
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arbitrarily chosen strain
isogenic sequence |
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mutant strain
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any changes or mutations in DNA w/respect to wild-type strain.
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