Micro Chapter 8 (Test 2)

Front 1

Prokaryote protein synthesis

Back 1

happens in cytoplasm, transcription and translation happen simultaneously

haploid, easy to see change

Front 2

eukaryote protein synthesis

Back 2

transcription happens in nucleus

diploid

processing (splicing) of introns and extrons, not in prokaryote

transformation- normal cell to abnormal cell (tumor/malignancy)

Front 3

gene

Back 3

molecular unit of hereditary

DNA and RNA code for polypeptide function

Front 4

chromosome

Back 4

thread like structures made up of DNA coiled around histones that support structure

Front 5

genome

Back 5

organisms complete set of DNA

Front 6

ribosomes

Back 6

protein synthesizers, translate mRNA into polypeptides

Front 7

genotype

Back 7

DNA, genetic makeup of a cell

Front 8

phenotype

Back 8

outward appearance, traits that can be seen and measured

Front 9

codon

Back 9

3 bases on mRNA

Front 10

anticodon

Back 10

3 bases on tRNA

Front 11

transcription

Back 11

DNA base sequence copied to RNA base sequence

mRNA- carries info from DNA, messenger

tRNA- carries AA during protein synthesis and rRNA components of ribosomes

Front 12

translation

Back 12

mRNA nucleotide sequence is translated

AA sequence of protein is reflection of base sequence in mRNA

Front 13

introns

Back 13

do not code for anything particular

Front 14

extrons

Back 14

do code, sequence translated

Front 15

mutation

Back 15

change in genetic structure

Front 16

vertical gene transfer

Back 16

transfer from parent to daughter

Front 17

horizontal gene transfer

Back 17

transfer from cell to cell

Front 18

spontaneous mutation

Back 18

no agent in change of cell division

in every cell

Front 19

base substitution

Back 19

substitute AA- protein/enzyme may not be affected or may become nonfunctional

Front 20

addition/deletion

Back 20

addition- add one or more nucleotide base pairs into DNA sequence

deletion- take away one or more nucleotide base pairs from DNA sequence

Front 21

missense mutation

Back 21

protein formed with substitution of AA

base substitution

Front 22

nonsense mutation

Back 22

protein not formed- stop codon formed

base substitution

Front 23

frameshift mutation

Back 23

addition/deletion of base nucleotides in DNA sequence not divisible by 3

Front 24

chemical mutagens

Back 24

nitrous acid, nucleoside, benzopyrene, aflatoxin

Front 25

aflatoxin

Back 25

in nuts, secrete toxin, fungus grown

Front 26

benzopyrene

Back 26

in smoke, nitrogen

Front 27

nucleoside analog

Back 27

imitate bases, substitute in place of another base

mistakes in replication (AZT drug)

Front 28

repair mechanisms

Back 28

DNA polymerase, mismatch repair, light repair, dark repair (excision and SOS)

Front 29

DNA polymerase

Back 29

enzyme, remove error in base in replication

Front 30

mismatch repair

Back 30

2nd step to remove error (if passes through DNA polymerase)

Front 31

light repair

Back 31

photoactivation in presence of light

Front 32

dark repair

Back 32

repair in dark

Front 33

excision repair

Back 33

dark repair

removal of wrong base

Front 34

SOS repair

Back 34

dark repair

cell will replicate with mistakes

Front 35

Ames test

Back 35

test of chemicals on mutant bacteria that lack repair mechanisms

grow well but can't repair itself

Salmanella

processed by enzymes (liver)- mutagenic

some mutagens= carcinogenic

Front 36

UV radiation

Back 36

adjacent thymines can't bind to each other

bond together

cuts DNA- can be repaired or replaced

excessive= bunch of thymine dimers, cell can't repair itself, result in transformation of cell

skin cancer

Front 37

bacteria transformation

Back 37

absorption of DNA released into any environment

lysed and absorbed by another cell

lack capsule- not harmful

Front 38

competent cell

Back 38

ability to absorb pieces of DNA

Front 39

plasmid

Back 39

circular pieces of DNA found in bac cell

not essential

resistance to antibiotics, disinfectants, produce toxins

need to have portilic factor to transfer

Front 40

electroporation

Back 40

artificial inducement of competent cells

Front 41

F plasmid

Back 41

fertility factor

F factor-gives bac ability to produce sex pili

donor (F factor)= F+

recipient (no F)= F-

Front 42

sex pili

Back 42

grabs F- cell and forms bridge between 2 cells

on donor cell surface

F plasmid replicated, keep 1 give 1, both become F+

Front 43

HFR cell

Back 43

High Frequency of Recombination cell

plasmid integrate and become part of bac cell DNA, does not automatically go into daughter cell

Front 44

conjugation

Back 44

has donor and recipient, transfer of genetic material

cell to cell or bridge like connection

Front 45

bacteriocin

Back 45

plasmid secrete toxin- kill other bacteria

Front 46

dissimilation plasmid

Back 46

code for enzymes to utilize unusual sugars and hydrocarbons

plasmid adds on to bac chromosome

Front 47

resistance factors

Back 47

transfer factor-small peptides able to express cell immunity

r determinant- resistance to antibiotics

Front 48

transposons

Back 48

jumping genes

small portions of DNA, jump from location to location

disrupt cell genetic makeup

disrupt sequence of genes-visible

advantage- throw sequence off

disadvantage- vary coloration

Front 49

vancomycin resistance

Back 49

bac strains resistant to antibiotics

Front 50

antibiotic 10 day course

Back 50

kill of antibiotic, pass on by transformation on plasmid

plasmid=antibiotic resistance

transfer quick to cell lacking F plasmid

Front 51

Scarlet Fever toxins

Back 51

pyrogenic exotoxins- Streptococcus

Exotoxin A- carried by Bacteriophage T12

Front 52

Diptheria toxins

Back 52

exotoxin- secreted by cornebacterium diphtheriae

C domain