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31 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Proof that microbes have been around for millions of years |
Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mummy |
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symbiotic relationships between humans/animals and microorganisms |
humans: stapholococcus on skin animals: ruminant digestion (bacteria in animals' stomachs break down cellulose in plants) |
skin ruminants |
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Types of Microbes (3, with examples) |
1. Viruses (acellular, have DNA or RNA) 2. Prokaryotes (bacteria, Archaea) 3. Eukaryotes (Protozoa, fungi, animals, plants) |
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heterotrophic |
eat other animals/plants to get energy rather than making their own |
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Spontaneous generation |
(started with Aristotle) theory that life forms could arise spontaneously from nonliving matter |
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biogenesis/cell theory |
All living things are made of cells (Hooke, 1665) Living cells can arise only from preexisting living cells (Virchow, 1855) Proven by Pasteur |
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Francisco Redi (& his experiment) |
1626-1698 Published biogenesis paper countering spontaneous generatin Experiment: maggots could not penetrate covers on jars of raw meat, so they did not arise from the meat itself |
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Hooke |
1665- developed cell theory
English; minister father; researcher Crude compound microscope--saw compartments in cork, named them cells |
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Van Leeuwenhoek |
Dutch; merchant constructed simple microscopes 1673--first documented and described bacteria & sent documentation to Royal Society of London |
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Needham |
English Clergyman 1745--boiled nutrient broth, cooled and sealed found microorganisms in broth |
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Spallanzani |
Italian priest 1765--boiled nutrient broth, sealed immediately and heated no microbes found |
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Lavoisier |
1743-1794 French; father of modern chemistry Discovered oxygen Criticized Spallanzani by saying that lack of microorganisms was caused by lack of oxygen` |
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Pasteur (bio) |
1822-1895 French; tanner's son; earned science PhD Father of microbiology--showed link between food spoilage and microbes |
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Pasteur's ideas |
Microorganisms are present in air and can contaminate sterile solutions, but air itself doesn't create microbes |
Does air create microbes? |
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Pasteur's experiment |
Poured boiled broth into flasks with necks in S-shaped curves. Air passed into flask, but curved necks trapped airborne microorganisms. |
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Pasteur's conclusions |
Microorganisms can be present in nonliving matter (solids, liquids, air)
Microbes can be destroyed by heat We can block access of microbes to nutrient environments (aseptic techniques) |
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Pasteur's findings on alcohol |
Yeasts convert sugars to alcohol in the absence of air (fermentation) In the presence of air, bacteria change the alcohol to vinegar |
yeast |
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Pasteurization |
heat liquid just enough to kill the bacteria that cause spoilage (milk and alcohol) |
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Golden age of microbiology |
1857-1914 Founders: Pasteur and Koch Microbiology became a separate science Linked microbes to food spoilage and disease |
connected microbes to what two conditions? |
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Germ theory of disease |
Microorganisms cause disease (suspected by Pasteur; proven by Koch.) |
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Joseph Lister |
1860s--treated surgical wounds with a phenol (carbolic acid) to kill bacteria With Semmelweis, linked washing hands/tools to reduced infections |
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Robert Koch |
-German physician and researcher -Linked specific diseases to specific microbes -Developed staining -Photographed microbes |
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Koch's postulates (4) |
1. The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease 2. The pathogen must be isolated from the disease host and grown in pure culture 3. The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible lab animal. 4. The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and shown to be the original organism. |
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Exceptions to Koch's postulates |
1. Leprosy (can't be grown in pure culture; infects only humans and armadillos.) 2. Syphilis (can't be grown in pure culture) |
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How does washing between patients reduce disease? |
By killing and/or physically removing bacteria |
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What are some diseases caused by microbes? |
anthrax syphilis pneumococcal pneumonia tuberculosis whooping cough |
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Edward Jenner |
1796--Developed smallpox vaccination by scratching patient's arm with a cowpox-contaminated needle |
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antibiotics |
Chemicals produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to act against other microorganisms |
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synthetic drugs |
chemotherapeutic agents prepared from chemicals in the lab (ex: salvarsan for syphilis, from arsenic--1910) |
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sulfa drugs |
Deliberately developed in labs from a series of industrial chemicals in dye derivatives |
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Fleming |
1928--Discovered that culture plates contaminated by penicillin mold inhibited the growth of bacteria |
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