Micro- Ch.4 Part I (Prokaryotic Cell)

Front 1

Basic cell ingredients

Back 1

1. Cell membrane

2. Cytoplasm

3. Nucleic Acid (DNA and RNA)

4. Ribosomes

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Prokaryotes

Back 2

- DNA not enclosed in a membrane

- 1 closed circular chromosome

- no membrane- bound organelles

- most bacteria have cell walls containing peptidoglycan

- multiply by binary fission

Front 3

Eukaryotes

Back 3

- have a nucleus

- have a specific number of linear chromosomes

- have membrane- bound organelles

- cell wall (if present) made of simple polysaccharides

- divide by meiosis/mitosis

Front 4

Histones

Back 4

The chief protein component of chromatin

Packages and orders DNA into structural units

Front 5

What cell's DNA is associated with histones?

Back 5

Eukaryotes

Front 6

Peptidoglycan

Back 6

A polymer consisting of sugars (repeating disaccharide units) and amino acids (polypeptides) that form a mesh within prokaryotic bacterial walls

These cell walls are the only places on earth that peptidoglycan can be found

Front 7

Which prokaryotic bacteria do not contain peptidoglycan?

Back 7

Archaeal cell walls lack peptidoglycan, but some have a chemical that is similar

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Binary fission

Back 8

The chromosome of the cell is copied, and the cell splits in two

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Polysaccharides

Back 9

A carbohydrate consisting of sugar molecules bonded together

Ex: cellulose and chitin

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Glycocalyx

Back 10

A "sugar coating" that surrounds bacterial cells

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Types of glycocalyx

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Capsule

Slime layer

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Capsule

Back 12

A glycocalyx that occurs when the surrounding substance is organized and firmly attached to the cell wall

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Slime layer

Back 13

A type of glycocalyx that occurs when the surrounding substance is unorganized and loosely attached to the cell wall

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Functions of capsules

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- contribute to the virulence of bacteria by preventing phagocytosis by WBC (has no antigen, so no antibody can be made)

- Prevents desiccation

- Allows bacteria to adhere to various surfaces

Front 15

Bacteria that are only pathogenic with a capsule

Back 15

1. Streptococcus pneumoniae

2. Bacillus anthracis

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Desication

Back 16

Drying out

Front 17

How can it be determined if a bacterial cell has a capsule?

Back 17

Capsule stain

Aka negative stain

Staining the background with an acidic dye

Front 18

Cell wall

Back 18

Semi-rigid structure outside the cell membrane

Front 19

Functions of the cell wall

Back 19

Responsible for the shape of the cell

Prevents bacteria from rupturing in hypotonic environments

Front 20

What is the main structural component in bacteria?

Back 20

Peptidoglycan

Front 21

NAM

Back 21

N-acetylmuramic acid

Repeating disaccharide units

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NAG

Back 22

N-acetylglucosamine

Repeating disaccharide units

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Tetrapeptide side chains

Back 23

4 amino acids attached to NAM, linked by peptide crossbridges

Front 24

Repeating disaccharide units within peptidoglycan

Back 24

N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)

Front 25

Gram (+) cell walls

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Thick outer layer of peptidoglycan

Contains teichoic acid

Front 26

Teichoic acid

Back 26

Holds peptidoglycan to the plasma membrane

Is antigenic

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Antigenic

Back 27

The body recognizes it as foreign

Front 28

Gram (-) cell wall

Back 28

Thin peptidoglycan layer

Second outer membrane, which is considered part of the cell wall

Front 29

What does the outer membrane of a Gram (-) cell wall consist of?

Back 29

Lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins, and phospholipids

Front 30

In a Gram (-) cell wall, how are materials brought through the outer membrane into the cell?

Back 30

Porin proteins act as passageways

Front 31

Periplasm

Back 31

The space between the outer membrane and the plasma membrane

Front 32

What is the most important stain used in bacteriology?

Back 32

Gram stain

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What are Lipopolysaccharides composed of?

Back 33

Lipid A

O-polysaccharide

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Lipid A

Back 34

Toxic to humans, causes fever

Front 35

O-polysaccaride

Back 35

Antigen useful in identifying species of bacteria

Front 36

Gram Stain

Back 36

1884: developed by Hans Christian Gram

Divides bacteria into 2 groups based on their cell structure

Front 37

Into what groups does the gram stain divide bacteria?

Back 37

1. Gram positive (thick layer of peptidoglycan in cell wall): stains purple

2. Gram negative(thin layer of peptidoglycan in cell wall): stains pink

Front 38

Unique characteristics of bacterial cell walls

Back 38

- Chemically unlike any structure in animal cells

- Target for drugs that attack and kill bacteria without harming body cells

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Penicillin

Back 39

-Works by damaging the pentaglycine cross bridges of peptidoglycan layer

- works best against Gram (+) bacteria due to thicker peptidoglycan layer

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Lysozomes

Back 40

Enzymes in your body that attack peptidoglycan

Found in tears, sweat, mucus, and saliva

Front 41

Acid fast cell walls

Back 41

Bacteria with high levels of mycolic acid, making it resistant to staining and prone to clumping

Front 42

Mycolic acid

Back 42

Hydrophobic waxy lipid

Front 43

How to identify acid fast cell walls?

Back 43

Acid fast stain

Front 44

Structural components of cell membrane

Back 44

1. Phospholipid bilayer

2. Proteins

Front 45

Fluid mosaic model

Back 45

Phospholipid bilayer has oil consistency

Proteins form the mosaic pattern within the bilayer

Front 46

Functions of cell membrane

Back 46

1. Selectively permeable membrane

2. Secretes and contains enzymes for bacterial digestion

3. Energy production (Electron Transport System is located here)

4. Enzymes for photosynthesis are located here

Front 47

Enzymes for bacterial digestion

Back 47

1. Amylases

2. Lipases

3. Peptidases

Front 48

Why is the enzyme secretion function vital for bacteria?

Back 48

They cannot undergo phagocytosis

Front 49

Amylases

Back 49

An enzyme that breaks down starches

Front 50

Lipases

Back 50

An enzyme that breaks down fat

Front 51

Peptidases

Back 51

An enzyme that breaks down protein

Front 52

Cytoplasm

Back 52

Substance of the cell inside the cell membrane

80% water

Various organic and inorganic molecules dissolved inside the cytoplasm

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Nucleoid

Back 53

Contains 1 closed circular chromosome

Not surrounded by membrane

Usually attached to plasma membrane at some point

Front 54

Plasmids

Back 54

Small, circular, extrachromosomal pieces of DNA that encode auxiliary metabolic functions

"Additions" that can be traded

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Auxiliary metabolic functions

Back 55

Abilities out and above of normal metabolic functions

Front 56

Abilities that plasmid genes can code for:

Back 56

Antibiotic and heavy metal resistance

Production of toxins

Genes that allow for the transfer of the plasmid to other bacteria

Front 57

Ribosomes

Back 57

Site of protein synthesis

Made up of 2 subunits that are only intact during protein synthesis

Front 58

What are ribosomes made of?

Back 58

RNA and proteins

Front 59

Bacterial ribosomes

Back 59

Small subunits (SSU) = 30S

Large subunits (LSU) = 50S

Total size of bacterial ribosomes = 70S

Front 60

Endospores

Back 60

- Tough, dormant structures bacteria produced in vegetative cells to survive harsh conditions

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Vegetative cells

Back 61

Metabolically normal/growing cells

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Sporulation

Back 62

Formation of spores

Occurs when a key nutrient becomes scarce or unavailable

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Where is sporulation found?

Back 63

Gram (+) bacteria

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Process of sporulation

Back 64

1. Vegetative cell walls creates a copy of its chromosome and surrounds it with a thick protein coat

2. When the cell dies, the spore is released

3. The spore remains dormant until the spore coat is disturbed, at which point it will germinate back to a vegetative cell

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Characteristics of endospores vs vegetative cells

Back 65

Extremely resistant to heat, cold, chemicals, lack of water, etc

Can remain viable for years

Front 66

Anaerobic bacteria

Back 66

Bacteria that is normally killed by O2

Uses spores to survive in an oxygen environment

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Endospore Stain

Back 67

Differentially stains spores:

Cryptobiotic

Vegetative cells

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Cryptobiotic

Back 68

Metabolically inert

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Back 69

Granule layer

Front 70

Back 70

Lipoteichoic acid

Front 71

Back 71

Peptidoglycan

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Back 72

Cell wall

Front 73

Back 73

Wall teichoic acid

Front 74

Back 74

Plasma membrane

Front 75

Back 75

Protein

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Back 76

Gram Positive

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Back 77

Lipid protein

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Back 78

Phospholipid

Front 79

Back 79

Protein

Front 80

Back 80

Porin protein

Front 81

Back 81

Periplasm

Front 82

Back 82

Plasma membrane

Front 83

Back 83

Cell wall

Front 84

Back 84

Peptidoglycan

Front 85

Back 85

Outer membrane

Front 86

Back 86

Lipopolysaccharide

Front 87

Back 87

Lipid A

Front 88

Back 88

O-polysaccharide

Front 89

Back 89

Gram Negative