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215 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Stroke Volume
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the amount of blood ejected with each heartbeat
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Cardiac Output
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the amount of blood pumped by the ventricle in liters per minute
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Preload
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degree of stretch of the cardiac muscle fibers at the end of diastole
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Contractility
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ability of the cardiac muscle to shorten in response to an electrical impulse
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Afterload
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the resistance to ejection of blood from the ventricle
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Ejection Fraction
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the percent of end-diastolic volume ejected with each heartbeat
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How to determine Cardiac Output
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CO = SV x HR
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Which of the following is the primary pacemaker of the heart?
a. Bundle of HIS b. AV Node c. SA Node d. Purkinje's Fibers |
C. SA Node
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Contractility is increased by...
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...catecholamines, SNS, some medications
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Contractility is decreased by...
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...hypoxemia, acidosis, some medications
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Valves of the heart?
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Bicuspid
Tricuspid Mitral Aortic |
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Tissue layers of the heart?
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Myocardium
Pericardium Endocardium |
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Changes to the CV System r/t Lifestyle and aging
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Athero/Arteriosclerosis
Increased BP Arteries stiffen vein valves more incompetent heart muscle less efficient disrhythmias common heart valve stenosis, prolapse |
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Great Vessels
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Aorta
Pulmonary Arteries Pulmonary Veins Vena Cava (Superior and Inferior) |
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Where is the mitral valve located?
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Between the Left Atrium and Left Ventricle
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Cardiovascular System
Assessment |
Health History
-Demographic Information -Family/Genetic History -Cultural/Social factors Risk Factors -Modifiable (Diet, exercise) -Nonmodifiable (Family History) |
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Where is the Tricuspid valve located?
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Between the Right Atrium and Right Ventricle
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Most Common Clinical Manifestations of Cardiovascular Disease
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chest pain
dyspnea peripheral edema weight gain fatigue dizziness syncope changes in LOC |
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Non-invasive Diagnostic Studies used for Cardiovascular Disease
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Electrocardiogram
Echocardiogram Exercise Tolerance Testing Radioisotope Testing Blood Flow Assessments |
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Electrocardiogram
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measures cardiac electrical activity
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Exercise Tolerance Testing
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measures cardiac response to exercise
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Radioisotope imaging
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detects ischemia/damage
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Invasive Studies used for Cardiovascular Disease
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Angiography
Cardiac Catheterization Hemodynamic Monitoring Electrophysiology study |
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Therapeutic Measures used for Cardiovascular Disease
(diagnostic, prevention, or after injury) |
Exercise
Smoking Cessation Balanced Diet Weight Loss Support Groups Oxygen Antiembolism devices |
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What does a CKMB indicate?
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Acute MI
levels are increased within 6 hours of an acute MI |
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Diagnostic Blood Studies used in Cardiovascular Disease
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Cardiac troponin
cardiac enzymes myoglobin blood lipids |
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Bradycardia
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resting heart rate of under 60 beats per minute
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Tachycardia
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heart rate that starts in the ventricles, and exceeds the normal range for a resting heart rate
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Ventricular Fibrillation
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a condition in which there is uncoordinated contraction of the cardiac muscle of the ventricles in the heart, making them quiver rather than contract properly
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Atrial Fibrillation
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the fibrillating (quivering) of the heart muscles of the atria, instead of a coordinated contraction
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Most Common Cardiac Arrhythmia
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Atrial Fibrillation
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PVC's
Premature Ventricular Contraction |
relatively common event where the heartbeat is initiated by the heart ventricles rather than by the sinoatrial node
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Normal Sinus Rhythm
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* each P wave is followed by a QRS
* P waves normal for the subject * P wave rate 60 - 100 bpm with <10% variation |
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Atherosclerosis
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Is an accumulation of hard, thick plaque along the arterial wall, comprised of lipids
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When does Atherosclerosis begin?
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Childhood
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What does atherosclerosis do?
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reduces blood flow to the myocardium
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cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death for who?
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men and women of all racial and ethnic groups
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what is the most prevalent cardiovascular disease in adults?
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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
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Signs and Symptoms of Atherosclerosis
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NO EARLY SIGNS
chest pain dizziness dyspnea cool skin prolonged capillary refill thick nails dry skin extremity hair loss |
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Diagnostic Tests Used for Atherosclerosis
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Cholesterol
LDL HDL Triglycerides C-reactive Protein |
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Which are good lipids?
a. LDL's b. HDL's |
b. HDL's
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Therapeutic interventions for Atherosclerosis
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Low fat diet
Avoid smoking Exercise Lipid-lowering agents |
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Complications of Atherosclerosis
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MI
TIA Stroke |
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List of Modifiable Risk Factors
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smoking
diet hypertension hypercholesterolemia obesity physical inactivity emotional stress |
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List of NONmodifiable Risk Factors
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Gender
Family History Personal history ethnicity age race |
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CABG
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Coronary Artery Bypass Graft
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What does a CABG do?
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Increases blood flow/oxygen to the myocardium
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Main Cause of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)?
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Atherosclerosis
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Types of Angina
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Stable (predictable)
Unstable Prinzemetal's (variant) |
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Stable Angina
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Arteries cannot increase blood to heart during increased activity...
...usually stops with rest/vasodilator |
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Unstable Angina
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can occur at rest
rest does not relieve symptoms sign of worsening CAD Risk for Cardia damage/death |
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Variant Angina
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longer duration of pain
can occur at rest pain occurs at same time of day no damage |
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Probable cause of Variant Angina?
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Coronary Artery Spasm
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Regimen for Nitroglycerin?
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Sublingual pill...
take pill, wait 5 minutes, if pain unrelieved, take another pill, wait another five minutes, if pain still unrelieved, take another pill and call 911 |
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Silent Ischemia
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No outward symptoms.
Will show on ECG |
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Nursing diagnoses for Angina
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Ineffective cardiac tissue perfusion
Anxiety Deficient Knowledge Noncompliance, ineffective management of therapeutic regimen |
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Treatment of Anginal pain
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Rest
O2 (2L) Stop activity Administer medications |
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Myocardial Infarction
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Death of heart muscle
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Motto for Myocardial Infarction
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"TIME IS MUSCLE"
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Pain related to Myocardial Infarction
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Sudden Onset
Substernal Crushing Severe Unreleived by Nitro |
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Where does Myocardial Infarction pain radiate to?
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Back
Jaw Neck Shoulder Arm |
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Signs and Symptoms of Miocardial Infarction
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Dyspnea
Decreased BP Nausea Vomiting Extreme Weakness Diaphoresis Increased Heart Rate |
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Pre-hospital care for Myocardial Infarction
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Chew 1 uncoated adult aspirin, call 911 in 5 minutes for unrelieved chest pain.
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Treatment of Myocardial Infarction
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O2
IV meds dietary restrictions: decrease Na decrease Cholesterol decrease caffeine |
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Valvular Disorders
Regurgitation |
the valve does not close properly and blood backflows through the valve
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Valvular Disorders
Stenosis |
the valve does not open completely and blood flow through the valve is reduced
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Valvular Disorders
Prolapse |
the stretching of an atrioventricular valve leaflet into the atrium during diastole
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Therapeutic interventions for MI
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Oxygen
Aspirin Morphine Sulfate Thrombolytics Vasodilators Beta-Blockers Antidysrhythmic |
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Cardiomyopathy
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a series of events that culminates in impaired cardiac output and can lead to heart failure, sudden death, or dysrhythmias.
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Types of cardiomyopathy
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Dilated
Hypertrophic Restrictive Unclassified |
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Infectious diseases of the heart
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Rheumatic endocarditis
Pericarditis |
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Rheumatic Endocarditis
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occurs most often in school-age children
injury to heart tissue is caused by reaction to strep myocardial and pericardial tissue is also affected |
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In order to treat endocarditis...
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...need to promptly recognize and treat strep throat to prevent rheumatic fever
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Pericarditis
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Inflammation of the pericardium
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Potential Complications for pericarditis
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pericardial effusion
cardiac tamponade |
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Biggest sign of pericarditis
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Friction rub at the left sternal border
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Heart Failure
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The inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet the needs of the tissues for O2 and nutrients
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Right-Sided Heart Failure
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RV cannot eject sufficient amounts of blood, resulting in a backup in the venous system.
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effects of Right-sided heart failure
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peripheral Edema, hepatomegaly, ascites, anorexia, nausea, weakness and weight gain
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Left-Sided Heart Failure
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LV cannot pump blood effectively to systemic circulation.
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effects of Left-sided heart failure
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increased pulmonary venous pressure, pulmonary congestion with dyspnea, cough, crackles, and impaired gas exchange
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Chronic Heart Failure
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frequently bi-ventricular
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Left =
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= Lung
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Right =
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= Random Circulation
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Normal Hct range for female
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37-46%
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Normal Hct range for male
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40-52%
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Risk for transfusion when Hct reaches...?
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20-25%
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Normal Hgb range
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12-16
(slightly higher in males) |
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Danger zone for Hgb
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less than 8
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Normal platelet range
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5,000 - 10,000
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what do the lymph nodes do?
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filter out bacteria
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Where are lymph nodes located?
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cervicofacial
supraclavicular axillary epitrochlear inguinal femoral |
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what does the spleen do?
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filters blood
traps formed particles destroys bacteria blood resevoir |
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where are lymphocytes and monocytes formed?
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Spleen
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Where are platelets formed?
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Bone marrow
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What do platelets do?
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function in blood coagulation
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Plasma
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liquid portion of the blood
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Key findings in hematologic and lymphatic disorders
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enlarged glands
pain fatigue/weakness bleeding activity intolerance SOB fainting vertigo |
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Key physical findings with hematologic and lymphatic disorders
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lymph node enlargement
eccymosis skin changes: pallor, cyanosis, jaundice, petichiae |
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Possible nursing diagnoses for hematologic and lymphatic disorders
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Risk for infection
Disturbed body image Social Isolation |
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What is anemia?
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lower-than-normal Hgb and fewer-than-normal circulationg erythrocytes.
signs of an underlying disorder |
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hypoproliferative anemias
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defect in production of RBCs
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Hemolytic anemias
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excess destruction of RBCs
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what causes hypoproliferative anemias?
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Due to deficiencies in b12 or Folic Acid, decreased erythropoietin production, or cancer
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What causes hemolytic anemias?
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due to altered erythropoiesis, hypersplenism, drug-induced or autoimmune processes, mechanical heart valves
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Aplastic Anemia
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failure of the bone marrow to produce adequate amounts of erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets
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Common causes of aplastic anemia
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congenital/inherited
exposure to chemicals or radiation drug induced viral infection |
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Key signs and symptoms of aplastic anemia
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weakness/fatigue
multiple infections purpura, petichiae, or ecchymosis pallor palpitations/tachycardia |
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how to treat aplastic anemia
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transfusion therapy (Packed RBCs and platelets)
immunosuppressants |
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key nursing interventions for Aplastic Anemia
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admin transfusion therapy as ordered
admin O2 monitor and record vital signs, i/o, labs, and stools, urine and emesis for occult blood avoid IM injections monitor for infection, bleeding, bruising |
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Complications of Aplastic Anemia
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hemorrhage
infection |
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Manifestations of Anemia
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fatigue/weakness/malaise
pallor and jaundice cardiac/resp symptoms tongue changes nail changes Pica |
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Red Blood Cell Disorders
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Anemia
Polycythemia |
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White Blood Cell Disorders
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Leukemia
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Hemorrhagic Disorders
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DIC
ITP Hemophilia |
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Bone Marrow Disorders
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Multiple Myeloma
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Polycythemia
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overabundance of Red blood cells
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signs and symptoms of polycythemia
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hypertension
visual changes headache vertigo tinnitus dizziness bleeding chest pain dyspnea |
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Patient Education for Polycythemia
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drink 3L of water daily
avoid restrictive clothing elevate feet report s/sx of iron deficiency report s/sx of bleeding |
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Potential Complications of Anemia
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Heart Failure
Angina Paresthesias Confusion |
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Key Signs and Symptoms of Polycythemia
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ruddy complexion
headaches dizziness dyspnea/orthopnea |
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Treating Polycythemia
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Phlebotomy
Antimetabolite Interferon Myelosuppressants Imidaxole quinazoline |
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Key Nursing Interventions for Polycythemia
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Encourage fluids and administer IV fluids as ordered
assess cardiovascular and resp status monitor and record vital signs, I/O, labs, CVP, and fecal occult blood |
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Key Complications of Polycythemia
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Pulmonary Emboli
DVT Stroke |
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Iron Deficiency Anemia
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iron deficiency caused by inadequate absorption or excessive loss of iron
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Causes of Iron Deficiency Anemia
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Acute and chronic bleeding
Malabsorption Pregnancy |
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Key signs and Symptoms of Iron Deficiency Anemia
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Weakness/fatigue
Pallor History of Bleeding |
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Diagnosing Iron Deficiency Anemia
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Decreased Hb, Hct and iron levels
Increased total iron-binding capacity |
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Treating iron deficiency anemia
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high iron, high roughage, high protein, high ascorbic acid diet
increased fluids, avoid teas transfusion therapy mineral supplementation |
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Key Nursing Interventions for Iron Deficiency Anemia
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Assess cardio/resp status
monitor stools, emesis and urine for occult blood provide mouth skin and foot care provide rest periods as needed |
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Key complications of Iron Deficiency Anemia
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Angina
Heart Failure |
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A nurse is caring for a client with non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma. What symptom is typical of non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
a. Small, hard, irregular, and tender mass b. enlarged, non-tender lymph nodes c. Pain and swelling at the site d. Cat's eye reflex |
b.
Rationale: Enlarged, non-tender, firm, and painless lymph nodes in the supraclavicular area are the main symptoms of non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma |
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Which of the following is the least important area of home care instruction to include in discussions with a client with Multiple Myeloma?
a. Skeletal System Symptoms b. Renal System Symptoms c. Nervous System Symptoms d. Cardiovascular System Symptoms |
d
Rationale...Multiple myeloma usually doesn't have a direct angle on the heart. Multiple myeloma usually affects the skeletal, renal and nervous system. |
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Which substance helps control bleeding when given to a client with Hemphilia B?
a. Protamine Sulfate b. Platelet transfusions c. Factor IX concentrate d. Vitamin K |
c
Rationale... Hemophilia B, is caused by a deficiency of factor IX. Vitamin K, protamine sulfate, and platelets are used to stop bleeding, but they arent specific treatments for hemophilia B |
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A nurse is reviewing the laoratory report for a client who underwent a bone marrow biopsy. the finding that would most strongly support a DX of leukemia is the existence of a large number of immature:
a. lymphocytes b. thrombocytes c. reticulocytes d. leukocytes |
d
Rationale... Leukemia is manifested by an abnormal overproduction of immature leukocytes in the bone marrow. large numbers of lymphocytes, thrombocytes and reticulocytes aren't characteristic of leukemia |
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A nurse suspects DIC in a client who sustained a pelvic fracture in a motor vehicle accident. Which laboratory test result helps diagnose DIC?
a. Elevated platelet count b. Decreased fibrinogen level c. low fibrin split product level d. decreased PTT |
b
Rationale... DIC involves depletion of such clotting factors as fibrinogen and platelets...as a result, client's fibrinogen and platelet counts are abnormally low. |
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A nurse is planning care for a client with Hemphilia A. A client with hemophilia A is deficient in which clotting factor?
a. VII b. VIII c. IX d. X |
b
Rationale... Hemophilia A is caused by a deficiency of clotting factor VIII. a deficiency of the other factors does not cause hemophilia A. Hemophilia B results from a deficiency of factor IX. |
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Which nursing intervention is appropriate when caring for a client diagnosed with sickle cell anemia?
a. keep client flat in bed and logroll every 2 hours b. assess pain level and administer analgesics, as prescribed c. restrict fluid intake and maintain strict intake and output d. perform active and passive ROM exercises every 2 hours |
b
Rationale... clients with Sickle cell anemia do not need to be kept flat or log rolled. fluid intake should be increased. ROM exercises aren't needed Q2hrs, and physical activity would need to be recommended according to joint activity |
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A nurse is administering cyanocobalamin (B12) to a client with pernicious anemia, secondary to gastrectomy. Which route should the nurse use to most effectively administer the vitmain?
a. Topical b. Transdermal c. Enteral d. Parenteral |
d
Rationale... following a gastrectomy, pt no longer has the intrinsic factor available to provide B12 in his GI tract. B12 is administered parenterally. |
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A client with sickle cell anemia is ordered morphine 4mg IV. the concentration of the vial is 10mg/mL of solution. how many mL should the nurse administer?
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0.4 mL
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A client complains of crushing chest pain that radiates to his left arm. he should be presented with the following treatment:
a. aspirin, oxygen, nitro, and morphine b. aspirin, oxygen, nitro, and codeine c. oxygen, nitro, meperidine, and thrombolytics d. aspirin, oxygen,nitroprusside, and morphine |
A
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Which lifestyle changes should a client diagnosed with coronary artery disease consider?
a. smoking cessation b. establishing a regular exercise routine c. weight reduction d. all of the above |
D
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A client's cardiac monitor alarm sounds, indicating ventricular tachycardia. the nurse should:
a. perform immediate defibrillation b. assess the client c. call the physician d. administer a precordial thump |
B
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A complication of peripheral vascular disease may be:
a. stasis ulcer b. pressure ulcer c. gastric ulcer d. duodenal ulcer |
A
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A key diagnostic test for heart failure is:
a. serum potassium b. B-type natriuretic oeotide c. troponin I d. cardiac enzymes |
B
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A client who has undergone a bone marrow transplant (BMT) is being prepared for discharge. which statement by the client indicates an understanding of the nurse's instructions?
a. "I should avoid crowds and anyone with an eye infection." b. "I should take antibiotics for at least 1 month." c. "I no longer have to worry about infection because i have new bone marrow." d. "i no longer have to take antibiotics because i have new bone marrow." |
A
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A possible complication of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura is:
a. pulmonary emboli b. sepsis c. renal calculi d. hemorrhage |
D
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A probable nursing diagnosis for the client with leukemia is:
a. risk for imbalanced nutrition: more than body requirements b. Energy Field disturbance c. Ineffective health maintenance d. Risk for activity intolerance |
D
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Which of these assessment findings may indicate Iron deficiency anemia?
a. Pica b. Right upper quadrant tenderness c. costovertebral tenderness d. butterfly rash |
A
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While auscultating the heart sounds of a client with mitral insuffucuency, the nurse hears an extra heart sound immediately after the S2. The nurse should document this extra heart sound as a:
a. S1 b. S2 c. S4 d. mitral murmur |
B
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A nurse administers heparin to a client with Deep vein thrombophlebitis. Which laboratory value should the nurse monitor to determine the effectiveness of heparin?
a. PTT b. HCT c. CBC d. PT |
A
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A client has just returned from cardiac catherterization. Which nursing intervention would be most appropriate?
a. help the client ambulate to the bathroom b. restrict fluids c. monitor peripheral pulses d. insert an indwelling urinary catheter |
C
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A client is in the first postoperative day after left femoropopliteal revascularization. Which position would be most appropriate for this client?
a. on his left side b. in high fowler's position c. on his right side d. in left lateral decubitus position |
C
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A nurse is evaluating a client with left-sided heart failure. Which finding should the nurse expect to assess?
a. ascites b. dyspnea c. hepatomegaly d. Jugular vein distention |
B
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A client has developed acute pulmonary edema. Which test result should the nurse expect?
a. interstitial edema by chest x-ray b. metabolic acidosis c. bradycardia by ECG d. decreased PAWP by hemodynamic monitoring |
A
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A nurse is performing discharge teaching for a client with PVD. The nurse should teach the client to:
a. inspect his feet weekly b. begin a daily walking program c. wear restrictive clothing d. stand rather than sit when possible |
B
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If a nurse knows a clients heart rate, what other value and formula does she need to know to calculate CO (cardiac output)?
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Stroke Volume
(CO=SV x HR) |
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A client comes in to the clinic and states he has a history of hypertension. Which type of medication might the nurse expect the client to be taking to control his BP?
a. antilipemics b. antibiotics c. ACE inhibitors d. antidiabetics |
C
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Definition of Leukemia
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Unregulated proliferation or accumulation of WBCs in the bone marrow
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Types of Leukemia
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Acute myeloid
Chronic myeloid Acute lymphocytic Chronic lymphocytic |
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Common Causes of Leukemia
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Genetic Influence
Viral Pathogenesis Exposure to Chemicals Radiation |
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Pathophysiology of Leukemia
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Normal hemopoetic cells are replaced by leukemic cells in the bone marrow
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Key signs and symptoms of Leukemia
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frequent infections
enlarged lymph nodes, spleen and liver weakness and fatigue stomatitis joint, abdominal and bone pain |
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Medical management of Leukemia
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radiation therapy
antineoplastics antibiotics transfusion therapy neutropenic diet |
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Key nursing interventions for a pt with Leukemia
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Monitor and record V/S, I/O, labs, and daily weight
Admin transfusion therapy as prescribed monitor for bleeding and infection maintain protectvie precautions avoid IM injections, enemas and rectal temperatures provide post-chemo and post-radiation nursing care |
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Key teaching topics for Leukemia
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Infection control measures
S/Sx of infection and bleeding Medication therapy Daily skin, mouth and foot care Medical identification jewelry |
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Key Complications of Leukemia
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Gross systemic hemorrhage
Fungal and bacterial infection |
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Pernicious Anemia
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Chronic, progressive megaloblastic anemia caused by deficiency of intrinsic factor, which leads to impaired absorption of Vitamin B12.
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Causes of Pernicious Anemia
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Deficiency of intrinsic factor
Inadequate dietary intake Gastric mucosal inflammaiton Genetics Bacterial or parasitic infections |
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Pathophysiology of Pernicious Anemia
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without intrinsic factor, B12 can't be absorbed. this inhibits dRNA synthesis, resulting in defective maturation of RBCs
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Signs and Symptoms of Pernicious Anemia
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Weakness/fatigue
Sore mouth Tingling and paresthesia of hands and feet Sore, smooth, red tongue Memory loss |
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Treating Pernicious Anemia
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Transfusion therapy
Vitamins Well-balanced diet with increased B12 |
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Key Nursing interventions for Pernicious Anemia
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Assist with dietary choices
Provide mouth care before and after meals Prevent falls (SAFETY!!) |
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Key Complications of Pernicious Anemia
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Neurologic defecits
Gastric cancer Heart failure Angina |
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Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
(ITP) |
Decreased amount of circulating platelets
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Causes of ITP
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Unknown
Autoimmune disease Viral infection |
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Pathophysiology of ITP
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antibody-coated platelets are removed from circulation by reticuloendothelial cells of the spleen and liver.
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Key signs and symptoms of ITP
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Petichiae
Purpura Ecchymosis Epistaxix Recent viral infection |
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Treating ITP
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IgG antibody, immune globulin IV
Corticosteroids |
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Key Nursing Interventions for ITP
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Assess for bruising, bleeding, infection
Monitor V/S, I/O, labs, daily weight, and stool, emesis and urine for occult blood Protect from falls Rotate extremities for BP monitoring |
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Key complications of ITP
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Hemorrhage
Shock |
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Multiple Myeloma
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Abnormal proliferation of plasma cells in the bone marrow
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Causes or Multiple Myeloma
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unknown
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Risk factors for Multiple Myeloma
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Genetic
Environmental |
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Key Signs and Symptoms of Multiple Myeloma
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Constant, severe bone pain
Pain in movement Peripheral paresthesia Arthritic Symptoms |
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Treating Multiple Myeloma
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Antineoplastics
Glucocorticoids Immunosuppresants Biphosphonates Radiation Therapy |
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Key Interventions for multiple Myeloma
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Admin IV fluids and blood products as ordered
Assess renal, CV, and Resp status Assess fluid balance Monitor for infection and bruising Assess pain level, admin analgesics as ordered, and evaluate response |
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Key Complications of Multiple Myeloma
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Acute renal failure
Infection Hematologic Imbalances Carpal Tunnel Syndrome |
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Hemophilia
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Hereditary bleeding disorder
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Two types of Hemphilia
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Hemophilia A
Hemophilia B |
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Hemophilia A
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most common type
caused by deficiency of factor VIII |
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Hemophilia B
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deficiency of factor IX
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Causes of Hemophilia
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inherited as x-linked recessive trait (mostly by males)
Carried by asymptomatic mothers and sisters |
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Pathophysiology of Hemophilia A
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deficiency of factor VIII causes extended clotting time
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Pathophysiology of Hemophilia B
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Deficiency of factor IX causes extended clotting time
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Key signs and symptoms of Hemophilia
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Bleeding into muscles, tissues, and joints after minimal trauma
Pain in joints Joint swelling Sponatneous hematuria Limited ROM Spontaneous GI bleeding |
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Medical management of Hemophilia A
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STOP THE BLEEDING
Factor VIII Concentrate Aminocaprionic acid Desmopressin |
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Medical management of Hemophilia B
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STOP THE BLEEDING
Factor IX Concentrate Aminocaprionic acid Desmopressin |
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Key Nursing Interventions for Hemophilia
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Assess patient for internal bleeding, hematuria, melena, hematemesis, joint space hemorrhages, and muscle hematomas
Assess cardiac, renal, and resp status Admin IV fluids, blood components as prescribed Apply gentle pressure and cold compresses to external bleeding sites |
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Key complications of Hemophilia
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Infection
Hemorrhage |
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Basic treatment for MI
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Decrease cardiac demands
Increase O2 to cardiac Muscle |
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Conditions that may lead to left-sided heart failure
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High Blood Pressure
MI Inflammatory Heart Conditions Hypervolemia Tachycardia |
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Where is the Pulmonary valve located?
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Between the Right Ventricle and the Pulmonary Arteries
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Where is the Aortic Valve located?
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Between the Left Ventricle and the Aorta.
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Treatments used for heart failure - both left and right sided?
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Diuretics, Analgesics, vasodilators, Nitrates, ACE inhibitors, Beta Blockers
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What is cardiac arrest?
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When the heart ceases to produce and effective pulse and circulate blood
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What is pulmonary edema?
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complication of left sided heart failure
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Signs and Symptoms of Pulmonary Edema?
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Sever Dyspnea
Pink, frothy sputum Tachypnea Chest Pain Decreased O2 Saturation Restlessness |
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What is the most common thromboembolic problem among patients with heart failure?
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Pulmonary Emboli
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What is a pericardial effusion?
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Accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac
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What does pericardial effusion result in?
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Increased pressure in all heart chambers
Decreased venous return due to atrial compression Inability of the ventricles to distend and fill correctly |
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What is most common after an MI?
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Cardiogenic shock
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What is cardiogenic shock?
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decrease in CO2 leads to inadequate tissue perfusion and initiation of shock syndrome
AKA pump failure |
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Clinical maifestations of Cardiogenic Shock
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Symptoms of heart failure
Shock state Hypoxia |
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How does the electrical impulse travel with each heartbeat?
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SA node
Intra-atrial tracts AV Junction Bundle of HIS Bundle Branches Purkinje Fibers |
