Medicinal And Aromatic Plants

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Cultivation of vanilla (especially pollination and post-harvest) - General

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Hot humid climate, moderate rainfall (150-300mm), 15-30 degrees day and 15-20 degrees night, 2,5% of vanillin, well drained soil.

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Cultivation of vanilla - propagation

Back 2

Cuttings 60-120cm, leaves are pruned from based 4 and basal pruned is pressed into the soil so that the 4 nodes are in close contact with the soil.

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Cultivation of vanilla - pollination

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Flowering every spring, 1 flower/day/raceme. Handed pollination of each flower: with a small piece of wood, lift the rostellum or move the flap upward -> the anther can be pressed on the stigma and self pollinate the vine. 5-6 flowers/raceme against 20 pollinated. Beans are developing during 5-6 weeks.

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Cultivation of vanilla - harvest

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Pods are mature when they are pale yellow. Daily harvest required. Harvest each individual pod by hand (flavor) when it begins to split on the hand. Commercial value is based on the length of the pod (> 15cm = first quality). Red liquid on seeds -> extraction of vanilla essence. Productivity for a 5-year-old plant: 1,5-3kg of pods -> 6kg after few years.

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Cultivation of vanilla - curing

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The vegetative tissue of the pod is killed (sun, oven, hot water, scratching, freezing) to prevent further growing. Sweating: beans are wrapped in woolen cloth to raise temperature under sunlight for one hour. Then, storage of pods in wooden boxes under air-tight conditions (enzymes can catalyze reactions -> vanilla color, flavor, aroma). Drying to prevent rotting and keep aroma -> out in the sun during mornings and back in bottles during afternoons. Storing for a few months in closed boxes -> development of fragrances. Beans are sorted, graded, bundled and wrapped in paraffin and preserved.

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Drying medium

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Air

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Mode of drying

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Évaporation not vaporization

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Drying - Mass transport

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Transport of the water to the surface of the material to be dried OR removal of water vapor from the surface.

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Drying - Surface

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Small pieces (= big surface) and thin material layers increase mass and heat transport.

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Drying - Température

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More the difference between the air and the material to be dried big is, higher the heat transport into the material is. More air hot is, more the humidity can be take up and transport away.

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Drying - velocity of the airstream

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A high air velocity is more effective than a high temperature to transport water vapor away.

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Drying - humidity of the air

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More the air dry is, higher the drying rate is. The humidity of the air determines also the residual humidity content.

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Drying - vacuum

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If the material is under vacuum, humidity can be removed at a lower temperature.

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Drying - evaporation and temperature

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Évaporation from the surface -> cooled surface.

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Batch wise drying system

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Air drying, heat blower (box drying), drying hurdle.

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Semi continuous drying system

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Tower grain dryer, half continuous belt dryer.

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Continuous drying system

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Belt dryer.

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Cultivation of gentian - soil and climatic conditions

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Deep soils free of problematic weeds, pH < 6,5, no stagnant moisture.

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Cultivation of gentian - crop rotation

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Root vegetables. Cultivation period: 4-5 years. Post crop: cereals.

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Cultivation of gentian - soil preparation and fertilization

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Fall: deep ploughing. Spring: preparation for transplantation. Fertilization: 80 N/ha, 70P and 120K the year of transplantation, 120N, 90P and 200K following years.

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Cultivation of gentian - (pre)cultivation

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Difficult germination. Seeds put in peat and sand. 24h at room temperature with water. 9 days at 2 degrees in a greenhouse until germination. 20 degrees after germination. Transplantation after 8-12 weeks after 1-2 weeks outside.

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Cultivation of gentian - transplantation

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20-25cm between two rows, 15-30cm within a row, 100 000 plants per ha.

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Cultivation of gentian - maintenance

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Weed control 2-3 times per year.

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Cultivation of gentian - plant protection

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Against root collar rot, chlorotic leaves.

Front 25

Cinnamon - cultivation

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Grow the tree for 2 years and then coppice it. Next year: shoots on the roots. Shoots are stripped from their bark (left to dry). Only the thin (0,5mm) inner bark is used. Cinnamon strips are curl into rolls on drying. Rolls are then cut in 5-10 cm lengths for sale.

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Différence between sticks from cinnamon and cassia

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Ceylon cinnamon: low amount of coumarins, Cassia high.

Front 27

Difference between marjoram and oregano

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Marjoram = one species, Oregano = différent species from other gênera too.

Front 28

Mint production - soil and climatic conditions

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Fresh sandy loamy soils rich in humus. Wind protected areas. No stagnant moisture or dry area. Hot days and cool nights improve quality (lower amounts of menthofuran). Good water supply.

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Mint production - crop rotation

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4-5 years pause. Preceding crop: root crop, legumes, cereals. Following crop: cereals.

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Mint production - soil preparation

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Poriferous soil. Repeated harrowing before transplantation lower weeds pressure.

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Mint production - fertilization

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High nutrients demand: 120-150 kg/ha. 70-90P, 200-250K. No fresh manure (problem with microbiology).

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Mint production - propagation

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Exclusively vegetative. Stolons of 50-60 cm. They are uprooted in fall, cut into 20 cm long pieces, deposited in 10 cm deep furrows without gasp in fall or spring. 1 ton stolons/ha. OR head cuttings prepared and transplanted in spring (50 000-60 000 pieces/ha). 5 years use of field before rotation.

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Mint production - harvest and yield

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1st cut before or during the bid stage of flowers. Following cuttings until mid September. Leaves separated from stems by wind rowing or manual stripping for small quantities. Drying at 42 degrees max. Distillation: mowing, laid swath wilting on the field for 12-72 hours, transported to distillation unit. Yield: 170 leaves, 170-300 tons/ha fresh matter (= 25-50 tons/ha dry matter), 90 kg/ha essential oil.

Front 34

Spice - definition

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Plants parts that are due to specific substances able to influence smell and taste of food.

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Spice mixture - definition

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Mixture of spices without any other ingredients.

Front 36

Tea - definition

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Exclusively leaves, leaf buds and small lead stalks of varieties of the species Camellia sinensis.

Front 37

Flavor - definition

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Aroma substance, aroma extract, reaction aroma, smoke aroma or mixture thereof. Not suitable for direct consumption. Dedicated to add a specific smell or taste to food.

Front 38

Medicinal plant - definition

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Any plant that contains substances that can be used for a therapeutic purpose or which is a precursor for the synthesis of useful drugs.

Front 39

What is black pepper?

Back 39

Fruits of Piper nigrum that are harvested unripe, briefly cooked and then dried.

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What is white pepper?

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Only the seed of the fruits of Piper nigrum, the skin is removed by retting (ripe fruits are soaked in water for a week -> the flesh of the fruits decomposes and softens and can be removed by rubbing).

Front 41

What is green pepper?

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Unripe fruits of Piper nigrum that are treated to preserve their green color.

Front 42

What is green pepper?

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Unripe fruits of Piper nigrum that are treated to preserve their green color.

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What are pickled peppercorns?

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Unripe fruits of Piper nigrum preserved in brine or vinegar.

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What is red pepper?

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Ripe fruits of Piper nigrum that are treated to preserve their red color.

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What is pink pepper?

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Fruits of Shinus sp.

Front 46

Essential oil is...

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Odorous product, obtained by steam distillation.

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Extracts are...

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Préparations of liquid, semi-solid or solid consistency.

Front 48

Which compound(s) make some chilies so spicy?

Morphine, nicotine, capsaicin, galantamine or piperine.

Back 48

Capsaicin

Front 49

An alkaloid is...

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Naturally occurring compound that contain nitrogen, found mostly in plants. Many are basic.

Front 50

Direct sowing (against transplantation) when...

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High germination capacity, low germination temperature, low seed price.

Front 51

Herbal drugs - definition

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Plants, parts of plants, algae, fungi or lichen. Whole, fragmented or cut in a processed state. Usually in dried form but sometimes fresh.

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Herbal medicinal products need to be registered on the basis of:

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Quality, safety, efficacy.

Front 53

What are important secondary metabolite groups?

Polyketides, phenylpropanoids, terpenoids and steroids, alkaloids, proteins, polysaccharides, amino acids, fatty oils.

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Polyketides, phenylpropanoids, terpenoids and steroids, alkaloids.

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Pharmacognosy - definition

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The study of the physical, chemical, biochemical and biological properties of drugs. The search for new drugs.

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Pharmacology - definition

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The study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and chemicals that affect normal or abnormal biochemical function. A combination of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.

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What is pharmacopoeia?

A book containing directions for the identification of compound medicines.

Published by the authority of a government or a medical or pharmaceutical society.

A medicine.

A Greek pharmacy.

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1 & 2.

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In which cell compartments are hydrophilic compounds stored?

Vacuole. Plastid membranes. Apoplast. Cuticle. Trichromes. Resin ducts. Oil cells.

Back 57

Vacuole, apoplast.

Front 58

In which cell compartments are lipophilic compounds stored?

Vacuole. Plastid membranes. Apoplast. Cuticle. Trichromes. Resin ducts. Oil cells.

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Plastid membranes, cuticle, trichromes, resin ducts, oil cells.

Front 59

In which cell compartments are lipophilic compounds stored?

Vacuole. Plastid membranes. Apoplast. Cuticle. Trichromes. Resin ducts. Oil cells.

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Plastid membranes, cuticle, trichromes, resin ducts, oil cells.

Front 60

Direct heating is to be preferred - true or false?

Back 60

True.

Front 61

In which cell compartments are lipophilic compounds stored?

Vacuole. Plastid membranes. Apoplast. Cuticle. Trichromes. Resin ducts. Oil cells.

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Plastid membranes, cuticle, trichromes, resin ducts, oil cells.

Front 62

Direct heating is to be preferred - true or false?

Back 62

True.

Front 63

Certain exudates that have not been subjected to specific treatment are also considered to be herbal drugs - true or false?

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True.

Front 64

Products similar to tea - definition

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Plant parts, which are used dried, fermented or roasted to prepared water infusions.

Front 65

Pharmacodynamics - definition

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Effects of the drugs on biological systems (interactions of chemicals with biological receptors).

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Pharmacokinetics - definition

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Effects of biological systems on the drugs (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of chemicals from the biological system).

Front 67

Active substance - definition

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Any substance intended to be used in the manufacture of a medicinal product and that, when it is used, becomes an active ingredient of the medicinal product. Such substances are intended to furnish a pharmacological activity or other direct effect in the diagnosis, cure mitigation, treatment or prevention of disease, or to affect the structure and function of the body.

Front 68

Excipient - definition

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Any constituent of a medicinal product that is not an active substance.

Front 69

Standardised extracts - definition

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An herbal extract that has been processed so that it contains a specified amount of a certain compound, usually the one thought to be the active compounds.

Front 70

Standardised extracts - definition

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An herbal extract that has been processed so that it contains a specified amount of a certain compound, usually the one thought to be the active compounds.

Front 71

Quantified extract - definition.

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Are adjusted to a defined range of constituents.

Front 72

Herbal tea - definition

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One or more herbal drugs intended for oral aqueous preparations by means of décoction, infusion or macération. Preparation is prepared immediately before use, usually supplied in bulk form or in sachets.

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Herbal tea - definition

Back 73

One or more herbal drugs intended for oral aqueous preparations by means of décoction, infusion or macération. Preparation is prepared immediately before use, usually supplied in bulk form or in sachets.

Front 74

Phototherapy - definition

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Form of medicinal treatment which relied on the use of plants, either whole or in the form.

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Phytotherapy - definition

Back 75

Form of medicinal treatment which relied on the use of plants, either whole or in the form.

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Phytotherapy - definition

Back 76

Form of medicinal treatment which relied on the use of plants, either whole or in the form.

Front 77

Homeopathy - definition

Back 77

Form of alternative medicine that treats patient with heavily diluted preparations which are thought to cause effects similar to the symptoms presented.

Front 78

Phytotherapy - definition

Back 78

Form of medicinal treatment which relied on the use of plants, either whole or in the form.

Front 79

Homeopathy - definition

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Form of alternative medicine that treats patient with heavily diluted preparations which are thought to cause effects similar to the symptoms presented.

Front 80

Aromatherapy - definition

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Therapeutically use of fragrances to cure, mitigate and prevention of diseases, infections, disorders and indisposition where the fragrances only enter the body by inhalation.

Front 81

Cultivation of pepper

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Soil: moist, well-drained, rich in organic matter. Propagation by cuttings. Watering on dry souls every other day during the dry season for the first 3 years. Roots are covered with leaf mulch and manure and the shoots are trimmed twice a year. Fruiting from the 4th or 5th year for 7 years, 20 to 30 fruiting spikes per stem. Harvest as soon as some berries at the base of the spikes turn red.

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Cultivation of piment (Pimenta officinalis)

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Small tree, dioecious plant -> male and female must be kept at proximity, guarded against export from Jamaica to protect the trade. Passage through avian guy is needed for germinating the seeds.

Front 83

What is white tea?

Back 83

Wilted and unoxidized.

Front 84

What is white tea?

Back 84

Wilted and unoxidized.

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What is yellow tea?

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Unwilted and unoxidized, like green tea.

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What is white tea?

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Wilted and unoxidized.

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What is yellow tea?

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Unwilted and unoxidized, like green tea.

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What is oolong?

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Wilted, bruised and partially oxidized.

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What is white tea?

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Wilted and unoxidized.

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What is yellow tea?

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Unwilted and unoxidized, like green tea.

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What is oolong?

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Wilted, bruised and partially oxidized.

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What is black tea?

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Wilted, sometimes crushed and fully oxidized.

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What is white tea?

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Wilted and unoxidized.

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What is yellow tea?

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Unwilted and unoxidized, like green tea.

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What is oolong?

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Wilted, bruised and partially oxidized.

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What is black tea?

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Wilted, sometimes crushed and fully oxidized.

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What is post-fermented tea?

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Green tea that has been allowed to ferment/compost.

Front 98

Post harvesting processing of tea

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Withering: tea leaves are spread in troughs, removal of all excess moisture in the leaf, brittleness of the leaves is lost during withering.

Rolling, twisting, parting: opening of cell walls serves as a catalyst for the enzymes in the leaves to react with the air.

Fermentation: exposition to heat for about 4 hours until a discoloration to brownish-red, very critical process, a failure will make the flavor disappear.

Drying: artificial heat, fermented leaf is inserted into a firing chamber to prevent further chemical reaction from taking place. The tea will become black and harder.

Front 99

Resin and balm/balsam - definition

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Non-volatile, lipophilic, solid but amorphous substances without fixed melting point, mostly without smell and taste, chemically substance mixtures of terpenes and phenylpropanes.

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Factors influencing quality:

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Génotype, ontogenetic variability, morphogenetic variability, environment, harvest and post-harvest processing, contaminations with other plant species by mistake or falsifications, pesticides/herbicides, heavy metal, microorganisms.