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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does ANP stand for?
What are the requirements? |
Authorized Nuclear Pharmacist
200 didactic hours + 500 experiential hours under an ANP |
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What does BCNP stand for?
What are the requirements? |
Board Certified Nuclear Pharmacist
ANP requirements (200 didactic hr + 500 experiential hr) PLUS: 4000 hours experience OR 2000 hr experience + graduate degree in Nuclear Rx recertification every 7 yr - exam + CE program |
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What is nuclear medicine?
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A medical specialty that utilizes radiopharmaceuticals to assist in the diagnosis and treatment of disease.
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What are radiopharmaceuticals?
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radioactive drugs
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What is the "Tracer Principle"?
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radiopharmaceuticals used for diagnostic purposes are expected to be present in such low concentrations that they don't have any effect on the body.
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What is specific activity?
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amount of radioactivity per unit mass
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Why is high specific activity needed for radiopharmaceuticals?
For what procedure is this particularly important and why? |
to maintain the tracer principle:
high specific activity allows the drug to be given in trace amounts to diagnose without negative physical effects particularly important for PET b/c the drug gets in the brain |
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What are the three ways specific activity is affected?
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Carrier-free
Carrier-added No carrier added |
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What is meant by "carrier-free"?
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radionucleotide is not contaminated with other isotopes of that element
i.e. carrier-free 11C contains no 12C, 13C... |
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What is meant by "carrier added"?
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radioisotope has been diluted with stable isotope of that element
- used in mass balance studies (Phase I research) |
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What is meant by "no carrier added"?
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No intentional dilution has occurred, but there is no proof of absence of stable isotopes
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What is the equation for decay law?
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What are the two methods of acquiring radio images?
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gamma camera
PET scanner |
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What is "dynamic imaging"?
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A detector placed over the organ of interest prior to administration of radiopharmaceutical captures the rate of acccumulation and excretion through images.
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What is "static imaging"?
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A detector placed over the organ of interest after administration of radiopharmaceutical shows the extent of accumulation.
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What is a "Schilling's Test"?
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An example of an In Vivo function study,
VitB12 labeled with cobalt is administered. If the VitB is absorbed, it will be detected in excreted urine. If B12 is not absorbed, it will be in the feces. |
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RSC
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Radiation Safety Committee
- establishes a Radiation Safety Program - must have an Authorized User - oversees the use of byproduct material |
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AMP
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Authorized Medical Physicist
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ACPE
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Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education
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NRC
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Nuclear Regulatory Commission
- charged with ensuring the safe use of radioactivity - established NP practice standards regarding time, distance, & shielding - can delegate authority to the States ("Agreement States") |
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What was mandated by the 1946 Atomic Energy Act?
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the Atomic Energy Commission mandated to promote the peaceful use of radioactivity
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What did the FDA mandate in 1974?
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regulation of RP's because they fit the definition of a drug
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RP
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radiopharmaceutical
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ALARA
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as low as reasonably achievable
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What are the research parameters set by the Radioactive Drug Research Committee?
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- no therapeutic, diagnostic, safety, or efficacy determinations
- no studies > n=30, can't exceed certain exposure levels |
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What are the maximum exposure levels for research study participants?
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1. Whole body, blood forming organs, eye lens, gonads must not exceed 3 rem/dose or 5 rem annual.
2. All other organs must not exceed 5 rem/dose or 15 rem annual. |
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TJC
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The Joint Commission
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What did TJC mandate in 1971?
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for a hospital to be accredited, Nuclear Medicine must be available to patients
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RDRC
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Radioactive Drug Research Committee
- oversees basic science research |
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RAM
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Radioactive Materials
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IND
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Investigational New Drug
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Who oversees the shipping of radioactive materials on public roads?
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DOT - Department of Transportation
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What three factors determine the packaging requirements of RA material?
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Form (normal vs. special)
Type Quantity |
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What are the three types of RAM packaging and their characteristics?
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Type A: small but significant qty of RAM, designed to withstand minor accidents
Type B: typ. for the transport of fissile mat'l, very strong packaging Excepted Package |
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What tests are performed on Type A packaging?
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1. chemical compatibility
2. vibration test 3. pressure differential test 4. water spray test 5. free drop test 6. stacking test 7. penetration test |
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How many warning labels are required on RAM packages and where are they located?
What four things do they tell? |
two labels on opposite sides of the package
1. warning that the package is radioactive & requires special handling 2. exposure from the package, radionuclide, and activity 3. hazard class 4. Label type signifies TI & surface reading |
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What are the radioactivity levels in a White I labeled package?
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Reading at surface > 0.5 mRem
No detectable radiation at 1 m (TI) ***most common label with Tc-99m*** |
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TI
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Transportation Index
- highest dose rate at 1 meter from ext. of package - rounded to nearest tenth - total TI of all packages in a shipment cannot exceed 50 |
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What are the radioactivity levels in a Yellow II labeled package?
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Surface reading 0.5 to 50 mRem
TI up to 1 |
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What are the radioactivity levels in a Yellow III labeled package?
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Surface reading 50 to 200 mRem
TI 1-10 Extra regulations to ship Yellow III label - placards, CDL license, registration, regulations |
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What steps must be taken when receiving a RAM package?
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1. Must be checked in within 3 hours of delivery or w/in 3 hrs of start of business
2. survey package at 1 meter 3. perform wipe test 4. remove packing slip - verify contents, labeling, requisition, & packing slip 5. notify ROS if something is unexpected 6. maintain all records for 370 days |
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What is an excepted package?
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A package (usually to return waste) excepted from some DOT requirements
- must be a strong package that will not leak RAM - external radiation < 0.5 mR/hr - no removable contamination > 22dpm/cm2 - outside of inner package must say "radioactive" - description of contents in, with, or on the package |
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What is the DOT fine if there is no certification signature?
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$800
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What is the DOT fine for an incorrect label category?
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$1000 - $3000
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What is the DOT fine if there is no TI?
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$1000 - $3000
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What is the DOT fine if only four sides of the package are surveyed?
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$5000
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What is the DOT fine if the configuration is not tested?
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$8400
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A = total nucleons (p + n)
Z = atomic number (p) X = element N = number of neutrons (A-Z) - not usually written |
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What are the four nomenclatures for RAM?
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Def: Radioactivity / Radioactive Decay
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spontaneous emission of particles/energy from an unstable nucleus or as a result of nuclear reaction
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Is radioactive decay ionizing or non-ionizing radiation?
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ionizing radiation
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What is an isotope?
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same element , different number of neutrons
same Z, diff. # of neutrons |
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What is an isomer?
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same A & Z, different element
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What is the mass (in grams) of one amu?
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1 amu = 1.66056 x 10exp(-24) grams
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What is the energy equivalent of one amu?
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1 amu = 1.492 x 10exp(-3) erg
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What is the energy (in megaelectron volts) of one amu?
...of one electron? |
1 amu = 931.5 MeV
1 e- = 0.511 MeV = 511 KeV |
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How is excess energy released?
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via radioactive decay
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Def: Linear Energy Transfer
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LET
how much energy is transferred over what distance α, ß transfer quickly, but not far |
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What three things do interactions of radioactivity with matter allow?
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1. Detection
2. Imaging 3. Treatment |
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What are the three types of particulate radiation?
What are the two types of electromagnetic radiation? |
Particulate:
α, ß+, ß- Electromagnetic: Y, x-ray |
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What are the five basic interactions with matter?
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1. Ionization
2. Kinetic Energy Transfers 3. Molecular/Atomic Electron Excitation 4. Nuclear Reactions 5. Radiative Process |
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Ionization
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removes an electron from the absorber material and creates ion pairs
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Specific Ionization
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number of ion pairs produced over a distance
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Excitation
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energy from radiation is deposited into an electron → the electron excites to a higher energy orbital
upon relaxation, visible and ultraviolet light is emitted |
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What are the key components of absorbers
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1. A (or Z) of material
2. Energy of particle 3. Mass of particle 4. Charge of particle |
