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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why were the first maps of the oceans made? |
To promote commerce and trade |
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Where was the first systematic study of the ocean basins begun? |
In the Egyptian City of Alexandria with the Great Library of Alexander |
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Who first determined the correct circumference of the earth? |
Eratosthenes of Cyrene, the Librarian of Alexandria |
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What island was not an end point to the Pacific migrations of primitive people? |
Philippines Island |
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What does a Stick Chart represent that was used by early Polynesians to navigate? |
direction of wave trains to help locate islands |
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Where did the Vikings NOT explore during their voyages of exploration and plunder? |
Around the Cape of Good Hope South Africa and into the Indian Ocean |
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What advances in ship design did Chinese mariners make during the Ming Dynasty that was later adopted by theEuropeans to make longer ocean voyages? |
central rudder |
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How did the Portuguese solve the problems of navigation on long voyages? |
Log books call “rudders” that kept a journal as a set of directions |
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Why did Columbus incorrectly assume that he had found India or Japan and not the “New World” when he sightedland in 1492? |
He incorrectly used Ptolemy’s estimate for the circumference of the earth |
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How was Cook able to make accurate maps of the oceans and islands? |
He had refined telescopes to observe the moons of Jupiter |
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Where did the HMS Challenger expedition explore in 1872 to 1876? |
All the World’s oceans |
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Who was the world’s first oceanographer that systematically studied the ocean compiling ship logs to determinecurrents and wind directions? |
Matthew Maury |
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Who explored the North Polar Ice Cap and later won the Nobel Peace Prize for his work with WW1 refugees, healso invented a reversing water sampling bottle that bears his name.. |
Fridtjof Nansen |
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How was the ocean floor topography first mapped? |
Precision Depth Recorder (PDR) |
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What drove funding and technological advances in Marine Sciences after 1900? |
Military applications and National Defense |
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Where are the greatest scientific advances being made today in the fields of oceanography and marine sciences? |
Robotic vehicles and satellite oceanography with remote sensing |
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The earth is a water world, other than salt water in the ocean, where is most of the global freshwater found? |
Glaciers and permafrost |
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According to the Scientific Method, what is the last stage of a scientific idea in the logical process ofdevelopment? |
Scientific Law |
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How old is the universe (when was the big bang)? |
15 bya |
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Our sun is a medium size yellow star, how much longer will it remain a star before it runs out of hydrogen fuel? |
5 by in the future |
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How did the earth’s moon form? |
Large impact event early in the history of the earth |
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How was the young earth different from the present day earth? |
No oxygen in the atmosphere, the earth was anaerobic |
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What was the likely source of organic carbon compounds that were abundant in the early oceans prior to theevolution of life? |
Asteroids, comets and interplanetary dust that bombarded the early earth atmosphere |
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Which of the following planets have active plate tectonics today (earthquakes, marsquakes, etc)? |
Earth |
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What is the difference between primitive early prokaryote bacteria and eukaryotes that greatly increased the rateof evolution and led to the diversity of life we see today on earth? |
Eukaryotes can reproduce sexually, while prokaryotes only reproduce asexually |
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What planet or moon was the origin of the Allen Hills Meteorite that contain bacteria like fossils which suggeststhat life first appeared in our solar system in another location other than earth? |
Mars |
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Where was the first Prime Meridian (0o Longitude) that is now in defined as Greenwich, England? |
Alexandria, Egypt |
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How do we know the inner structure of the earth? |
seismic wave propagation through rock layers that have different densities |
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Who proposed the theory of Continental Drift that was eventually explained by Sea Floor Spreading? |
Alfred Wegener |
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Why are continents not recycled over time like oceanic floor basalts? |
continents are less dense and higher in elevation, and therefore over ride the ocean floor plates |
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What type of seismically produced wave does not give us information about the earth interior? |
Surface waves |
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Why does the earth have a magnetic field? |
The inner core is solid, outer core is liquid and they rotate at different speeds |
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What piece of evidence that supports Plate Tectonics did Wegner not have before he died? |
Paleo-magnetic anomaly pattern on the ocean floor |
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What happens when two continents collide? |
Orogeny occurs with the building of a mountain belt |
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How was the age of the earth accurately determined? |
Radioactive dating of rocks |
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As sea level rises, what type of margin will see the largest displacement of the land/water boundary (beach)? |
passive margin (Atlantic) |
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What two properties are useful in paleo-magnetics to determine the paleo-positions of continents? |
paleo-dip and paleo-direction |
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Where are oceanic plates destroyed on the earth surface? |
Marine trenches |
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What can the Paleo-magnetic Anomaly Pattern on the ocean floor be used for? |
To determine the past movement of continents |
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Where are the thickest sediments found in the ocean? |
On the Continental Rise adjacent to the shelf and slope |
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If you are in a submarine that is moving from the north to the south along the thick grey arrow over the BlancoFracture zone in the figure above, which side of the transform fault is higher? |
south side |
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Where was the ancient Tethys seaway located? |
equatorial seaway |
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Where are the widest continental shelves found? |
the Arctic |
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In the ocean, fracture zones are? |
fall along great circle arcs and spread for 1000’s of km away from the MOR |
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The Japan Trench is what type of plate boundary? |
destructive |
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The San Andreas Fault is what type of plate boundary? |
transform or shear |
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In the late Paleozoic all the continents were assembled into Pangea, what was the name of the global ocean? |
Panthelassa |
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How do submarine canyons form and grow? |
sediment transport and erosion |
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What type of boundary is found off the North Carolina coastal area? |
Passive margin |
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Which of the following Ocean Basins is the least known and explored? |
Arctic Ocean |
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The west coast of the US has several different terrains that have accumulated on the continental margin overtime, what is the significance of these terrains in terms of plate tectonics? |
The continents are permanent and do not recycle, collisions add on to the continental margins over time |
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The Mid Atlantic Ridge has much steeper sides than the East Pacific Rise, since we know that there is a constantage-depth relationship between the age and the depth of the ocean floor, which ridge is spreading faster? |
East Pacific Rise |
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Why are andesite volcanos on continental margin more explosive than island arc volcanos on oceanic plates? |
Continental andesite volcanos have more silica in the extruded lavas and are more explosive |
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What is the hypsographic curve? |
plot showing the amount of the earth’s surface at different elevations |
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What happens when an oceanic plate collides with continent? |
The oceanic plate is subducted and over-ridden by the continental plate |
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Hotspots produce island chains like the Hawaiian Islands, name another island produced by a hot spot? |
Iceland |
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The ocean makes up 70.8% of the earth’s surface, which ocean feature is the largest on earth? |
The Ocean Basin Floor |
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What is the largest volcano in the Solar System? |
Olympus Mons, Mars |
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Sediments on the abyssal plains are very flat and have graded beds with the sediments that get finer on the top ofthe bed. These deposits were formed by: |
Turbidity currents moving down the continental slope and rise out on the abyssal plain |
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Where is the oldest ocean floor located? |
The Pacific |
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How was the Titanic found on the ocean floor? |
Towed magnetometer found the boilers that spilled out when the ship broke apart |
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Why is the continental shelf off of Texas and Louisiana pockmarked with multiple depressions? |
Salt domes under the sediments dissolve leaving depressions in the surface |
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What areas of the ocean floor have the smallest change in elevation? |
deep sea abyssal plain muds |
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What marine ecosystem is most at risk from the current episode of global warming? |
coral reefs |
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Who is the author of your text book? |
Garrison |
