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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ortho-phenol |
hydroxy groups on adjacent carbons of the benzene ring |
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meta-phenol |
hydroxy groups separated by one carbon on the benzene ring |
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para-phenol |
hydroxy groups on opposite sides of benzene ring |
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why are phenols more acidic than other alcohols |
aromatic ring can delocalize the charge of the conjugate base |
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electron-donating groups (eg alkyl groups) |
decrease acidity, because they destabilize negative charges |
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electron-withdrawing groups (eg electronegative atoms and aromatic rings) |
increase acidity, because they stabilize negative charges |
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what can oxidize primary alcohols to aldehydes? why can't any other agent be used? |
pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC); any stronger oxidizing agents will oxidize the alcohol all the way to a carboxylic acid |
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what can oxidize secondary alcohols to ketones? |
any common oxidizing agent |
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mesylate |
contain functional group -SO3CH3, derived from methanesulphonic acid alcohol can be converted into this to make it a better leaving group for nucleophilic substitution reactions |
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tosylate |
contain functional group SO3C6H4CH3, derived from toluenesulphonic acid alcohol can be converted into this to make it a better leaving group for nucleophilic substitution reactions |
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acetals and ketals |
protected form of aldehydes and ketones two equivalents of alcohol, or a dialcohol, react with carbonyl to form an acetal or ketal |
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deprotection |
when an acetal or ketal is converted back to a carbonyl by catalytic acid |
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quinones |
synthesized through oxidation of phenols resonance stabilized electrophiles Vitamins K1 and K2 |
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hydroxyquinones |
produced by oxidation of quinones, adding variable number of hydroxy groups benzene ring with two carbonyls and variable number of hydroxy groups |
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ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) |
acts as electron acceptor in Complexes I, II, and III of ETC. reduced to ubiquinol |
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what does hydrogen bonding cause |
higher melting points, higher boiling points, higher solubility in water |
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what happens to primary and secondary alcohols in strong oxidizing agents? |
primary will be oxidized to carboxylic acids, secondary will be oxidized to ketone |
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hydroquinone |
benzene ring with two carbonyls |
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what properties allow ubiquinone to perform its biological functions |
conjugated rings (stability when accepting electrons) long alkyl chain allows for lipid solubility, allowing it to function in phospholipid bilayer |
