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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Innate immunity |
-Composed of defenses that are always active against infection -- lack ability to target specific invaders -"nonspecific immunity" |
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Adaptive (specific) immunity |
-Defenses that target a specific pathogen - T & B cells |
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Bone marrow |
Produces leukocytes through hematopoiesis |
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Spleen |
- location of blood storage - activates of B-cells |
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B-cells |
- activated in the spleen - turn into plasma cells to produce antibodies as a part of adaptive immunity - once they leave the bone marrow they are mature but naïve |
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Humoral immunity |
- production of antibodies that dissolve and act in the blood - driven by B-cells and antibodies |
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T-Cells |
- adaptive immune cell - matures in the thymus - coordinate the immune system and directly kill virally infected cells - provides cell mediated immunity |
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Lymph nodes |
-provides a place for immune cells to communicate and mount an attack - can also activate B-cells by proliferating them and maturing them in collections called germinal centers - contain lymphatic channel, artery, and vein |
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Immune tissue associated with the digestive system |
-Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) - tonsils - adenoids - Peyers patches (small intestine) - appendix (lymphoid aggregates) |
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Agranulocytes |
Lymphocytes: antibody production monocytes: phagocytosis cells in the bloodstream (become macrophages in tissues) |
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Granulocytes |
Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils |
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Types of macrophages |
Microglia: CNS Langerhans: skin Osteoclasts: bone |
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Skin (integument) |
- provides physical barrier between the outside world and our internal organs -contains defensins |
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Defensins |
Antibacterial enzymes found on the skin |
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GI tract defenses |
- stomach secretes acid which eliminates most pathogens - gut is colonized by bacteria |
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Complement system |
- consists of proteins in the blood that act as a nonspecific defense against bacteria - activated by the classical or alternative pathway - punch holes in cell walls of bacteria (making them osmotically unstable) |
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Interferons |
- proteins that prevent viral replication and dispersion - decrease permeability of these cells - up-regulates MHC class 1 & 2 resulting in increased antigen presentation |
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Macrophages |
- type of agranulocyte - derived from monocytes - activated by bacterial invader 1) phagocytizes through endocytosis 2) digests the invader 3) presents pieces of the invader to other cells using MHC |
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Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) |
- binds to a pathogenic peptide and carries it to the cell surface to be recognized by cells of the adaptive immune system |
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Cytokines |
- released by macrophages - chemical substances that stimulate inflammation and recruit additional immune cells to the area |
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MHC Class 1 |
- displayed by all nucleated cells - endogenous pathway: binds antigens from inside the cell |
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MHC Class 2 |
- displayed by professional antigen-presenting cells - exogenous pathway: antigens originated outside of the cell |
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Pattern recognition receptors (PRR) |
- Ex: toll like receptors - special receptors on macrophages and dendritic cells - able to recognize the category of the invader - allows for production of appropriate cytokines to recruit the right type of immune cells |
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Natural killer cells (NK) |
- nonspecific lymphocyte - detects down-regulation of MHC and induces apoptosis in the infected cells |
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Neutrophils |
- most populous leukocyte in blood - short lived - phagocytic - target bacteria - can follow bacteria using chemotaxis - can detect bacteria once they have been opsonized - dead neutrophils = pus during an infection |
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Opsonized bacteria |
- marked with an antibody from a B-cell |
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Eosinophils |
- involved in allergic reactions and invasive parasitic infections - release large amounts of histamine to cause inflammation - results in vasodilation & leakiness of the blood vessels |
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Basophils |
- involved in allergic responses - related to Mast cells - release large amounts of histamine |
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Immunoglobulins (Ig) |
Antibodies Y shaped molecules 2 heavy chains 2 light chains Chains held together by disulfide linkages and noncovalent interactions |
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Responses of antibodies |
1) can attract other leukocytes to phagocytize the antigens (opsonization) 2) can cause pathogens to agglutinate to form large insoluble complexes that can be phagocytized 3) can block the ability of the pathogen to invade tissues |
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Antigen binding to mast cell |
Causes degranulation: exocytosis of grand contents - releases histamine and causes inflammatory allergic responses |
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Isotope switching |
Cells can change which isotope of antibody they produce when stimulated by specific cytokines |
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Variable region/domain |
Antigen-binding region at the tips of the Y |
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Constant region/ domain |
Can initiate the complement cascade |
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Plasma cells |
- from a B-cell - produce large amounts of antibodies - apart of the primary response |
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Memory B-cells |
- from B- cells - stay in lymph node and await for reexposure to the same antigen - creation of these is the primary response - activation of these is the secondary response |
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Positive selection of T-cells |
- maturing only cells that can respond to the presentation of an antigen on MHC |
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Negative selection of T-cells |
Causing apoptosis in cells that are self-reactive |
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Thymosin |
-peptide hormone secreted by cells that facilitates the maturation of T-cells |
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Helper T-cells (CD4+) |
- coordinate immune response by secreting lymphokines that recruit other immune cells - respond to antigens presented on MHC 2 - loss of these cells causes HIV and AIDS |
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Cytotoxic T-cells (CD8+) |
- directly kill virally infected cells by injecting toxic chemicals that promote apoptosis - respond to antigens on MHC 1 |
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Suppressor/regulatory T-cells (CD4) |
- like helper T-cells - express Foxp3 protein - help tone down immune response when infection is contained - self tolerance: turn off self-reactive lymphocytes to prevent autoimmune disease |
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Memory t-cells |
- wait for the next exposure of the same antigen - when activated they result in a more robust and rapid response |
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Infectious pathogens |
- bacteria - viruses - fungi - parasites - prions |
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Self antigens |
Proteins and carbs present on the surface of every cell in the body - signal to immune system that the cell is not threatening |
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Autoimmunity |
- immune cells fail to differentiate self and foreign cells and may attack self-antigens |
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Hypersensitivity reactions |
- allergic reactions - autoimmunity |
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Active immunity (immunizations) |
- activated B-cells through natural or artificial exposure |
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Passive immunity (immunizations) |
- transfer of antibodies to an individual |
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Lymphatic structure |
- one way vessels that become larger towards the heart - vessels carry lymph that join to comprise the thoracic duct to deliver lymph to the left subclavian vain |
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Lacteals |
Small lymphatic vessels Lasted in the center of each villus in the small intestine |
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Chyle |
Lymphatic fluid carrying chylomicrons |
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Lymphatic function |
-To collect excess interstitial fluid and return it to the circulatory system - accepts chylomicrons from the small intestine and delivers them to cardiovascular circulation |
