Mcat Behavioral 7-X

Front 1

What are the two classification systems of psych disorders? Define both

Back 1

Biomedical approach: main focus on biomedical causes and symptom reduction. Doesn’t consider other causes.

Biophysical approach: considers biological psychological and social aspects of disorders

Front 2

What are the therapeutic goals of biopsychosocial approach? Briefly explain both

Back 2

Direct therapy: treatment on the individual such as meds or meetings with therapist

Indirect therapy: improving social support by educating and empowering friends/family of individual

Front 3

What is the manual used to classify psych disorders? What is it based on?

Back 3

Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM)

Based on symptoms

Front 4

Schizophrenia is diagnosed when someone suffers at least one of of the following which symptoms?

Back 4

Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought, disorganized behavior, catatonia, and negative symptoms

Front 5

Positive schizophrenia symptoms. What are they? Examples?

Back 5

Positive symptoms added to normal behavior

Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought, disorganized actions

Broken into psychotic (1st two) and disorganized dimensions.

Front 6

Negative schizophrenia symptoms? What are they? Examples?

Back 6

Absence of normal or desired behavior

Disturbance of affect

Front 7

What are the three types of delusions?

Back 7

Of reference: belief that elements in environment are directed at individual (tv talks to me)

Of persecution: believes is being plotted against

Of grandeur: believes is remarkable

Front 8

Thought broadcasting

Back 8

Delusion where all can hear your thoughts

Front 9

Thought insertion

Back 9

Delusion where one believes thoughts are being placed in ones head

Front 10

Disorganized thought is characterized by

Back 10

Loosening of associations. One may have a hard time following persons train of thought

Front 11

Word salad

Back 11

Incomprehensible speech in disorganized thought. Seen in wernicke aphasia too

Front 12

Neologism

Back 12

New word made up during word salad

Front 13

What is the main idea of disorganized behavior?

Back 13

Inability to carry out daily living activities

Front 14

Catatonia traits

Back 14

May have limited movement and rigid posture. Other extreme is echolalia (repeating another’s words) and echopraxia (mimicking another’s actions)

Front 15

Main idea of negative symptoms

Back 15

Disturbance of affect

Front 16

Types of affect disturbance

Back 16

Blunting: reduced expression

Flat: no emotional expression

Inappropriate: inconsistent affect and speech (hysterical laughing explaining someone’s death)

Avolition: decreased engagement in goal directed actions

Front 17

Prodromal phase

Back 17

Pre schizophrenia with deterioration many aspects of life. Fast onset has better prognosis than slow

Front 18

Major depressive disorder

Back 18

Characterized by minimum one major depressive episode (two weeks with various symptoms)

Front 19

Anhedonia

Back 19

Loss of interest in activities

Front 20

At least one of which two symptoms must be present to diagnose major depressive disorder?

Back 20

Anhedonia, or depressed mood

Front 21

Persistent depressive disorde

Back 21

Diagnosis for someone with symptoms less severe than major depressive disorder (dysthymia)

Front 22

S+ SIG E. CAPS fill in the acronym of major depressive episode symptoms

Back 22

Sadness, sleep, interest, guilt, energy, concentration, appetite, psychomotor symptoms, suicidal thoughts

Front 23

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Back 23

Not in DSM but is seasonal major depressive disorder. Treated with bright light therapy

Front 24

Bipolar 1 vs 2

Back 24

1 has manic episodes with or without major depressive episode. 2 has hypomania with at least on me major depressive episode

Front 25

Fill in the symptoms of manic episode DIG FAST

Back 25

distractible, insomnia, grandiosity, flight of ideas, agitation, speech, thoughtlessness

Front 26

Hypomania

Back 26

Doesn’t really impair but person is more energetic and optimistic

Front 27

Cyclothymic disorder

Back 27

Sort of like bipolar 3. Has hypomania and dysthymia

Front 28

Explain catecholamine (monoamine) theory of depression

Back 28

Mania and depression based on excess or absence of norepinephrine and seratonin

Front 29

Generalized anxiety disorder

Back 29

Persistent worry about many things

Front 30

Social anxiety disorder

Back 30

Anxiety from social situations

Front 31

Agoraphobia

Back 31

Fear of not being able to escape

Front 32

Panic disorder

Back 32

Frequent panic attacks

Front 33

OCD

Back 33

obsessions (intrusive thought or impulses) and compulsions (repetitive tasks) relieve tension but could cause life impairment

Front 34

Body dysmorphic disorder

Back 34

Person has unrealistic negative evaluation of a body part which could lead to such things as persistent plastic surgery

Front 35

Name and explain each ptsd symptom

Back 35

Intrusion symptoms: flashbacks or nightmare of event

Avoidance: deliberately avoid stuff relating to event

Negative cognitive symptoms: negative view of world/ distancing oneself

Arousal symptoms: increased startle, anxiety, self destructive behavior

Front 36

Acute stress disorder

Back 36

PTSD symptoms more than 3 days but less than one month

Front 37

Dissociative disorders. Name and explain each

Back 37

Dissociative amnesia: inability to recall past experiences. Trauma not neurological related. Experiences dissociative fugue (sudden wandering from home and confusion of identity)

Diss identity disorder (DID) multiple personalities possible to converge

Depersonalization/ derealization disorder: detached from mind and body (1st term) or surroundings (2nd term) May present with OBE (1st) or think in a dreamlike state (2)

Front 38

Name the three somatic (body) symptom disorders

Back 38

Somatic symptom disorder: has illness and is obsessed with it. Condition may be psych caused.

Illness anxiety disorder: obsessed with having or developing illness when you don’t have one

Conversion disorder: person has neurological problem without any actual brain damage usually after trauma. They aren’t usually concerned la belle indifference. May be poetic such as woman losing eyesight after seeing son die

Front 39

Ego syntonic

Back 39

Person sees their disorder as normal

Front 40

Ego dystonic

Back 40

Person recognizes disorder as bad

Front 41

What are the cluster A personality disorders

Back 41

Weird

Paranoid personality: may be prodromal

Schizotypal personality dis: eccentric thinking, ideas of reference (less intense delusions of reference) or magical thinking

Schizoid personality disorder: detachment from social relationships

Note: last two aren’t schizophrenia

Front 42

Cluster B personality disorders

Back 42

Wild

Antisocial: disregard for others. No remorse

Borderline personality: insecurity, unstable relationships, splitting

Histrionic: attention seeking, bright color clothes, may seduce

Narcissistic: need acknowledgement from others. Actually very fragile self esteem

Front 43

Cluster C

Back 43

Worried

Avoidant: extreme shyness and fear of rejection

Dependent: continuous need for reassurance. Depend on one person

Obsessive compulsive pd (not ocd): inflexible, rules and order, ego syntonic and lifelong

Front 44

What are some underlying brain causes of schizophrenia?

What is used to treat?

Back 44

Genes, birth hypoxemia, teen marijuana use, high dopamine

Neuroleptics (antipsychotics) block dopamine receptors

Front 45

Depressive and bipolar underlying bio causes

Back 45

Depression

High glucose metabolism in amygdala.

Hippocampal atrophy after long illness

High cortisol

Low norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine

Bipolar

Increased norepinephrine and seratonin

High risk from parents and formultiple sclerosis people

Front 46

Risk factors of alzheimers

Back 46

Women more at risk, People over 65, lower education

Front 47

Key factors o alzheimers

Back 47

Smaller sulci and large ventricles. Low acetylcholine, beta amyloid plaque. Tangled of tau protein

Front 48

Explain functionalism

Back 48

Treats a society like an organism. Functions are beneficial consequences of people’s action and dysfunctions are harmful consequences that undermine the system

Front 49

Ethnographic methods

Back 49

Experimental methods used to study ethnicity or culture of a group

Front 50

Culture

Back 50

Lifestyle of a given group

Front 51

Material culture

Back 51

Physical cultural objects

Front 52

Symbolic culture (nonmaterial)

Back 52

Ideas that represent a group of people

Front 53

Which culture type changes faster and why does it lead to?

Back 53

Material. This leads to culture lag: we like privacy but smartphones dont

Front 54

What part of culture is important for communication and transmission of culture?

Back 54

Language

Front 55

Values

Back 55

What a person seems important in life

Front 56

Belief

Back 56

Something someone holds as truth

Front 57

Cultural barriers

Back 57

Conflict between cultures

Front 58

Norm

Back 58

Boundaries of acceptable behavior. Important and different for cultures

Front 59

Manifest function

Back 59

Pertains to functionalism, a function with an intended positive function

Front 60

Ritual

Back 60

Formal ceremony with materials and symbols and mandated behavior

Front 61

Demographics

Back 61

Statistics of populations

Front 62

What are the common ethnographic categories?

Back 62

Age,gender, race, ethnicity, sex orientation, immigration status

Front 63

Ageism

Back 63

Treating someone without respect based on their age

Front 64

Is race a social construct?

Back 64

Yes

Front 65

Racialization

Back 65

Establishment of a race (Jews were religion now a race)

Front 66

The theory that race is fluid and dependent on political, economic, and social factors

Back 66

Racial formation theory

Front 67

Ethnicity

Back 67

Refers to ones cultural identity whereas race is more physical characteristic based

Front 68

Symbolic ethnicity

Back 68

Symbols are important connection to ethnicity even when the ethnic identity not important (Irish one day a year celebration)

Front 69

Intersectionality

Back 69

Compounding factors of discrimination

Front 70

Latent function

Back 70

Pertains to functionalism, unintended positive functions of a manifest function

Front 71

Demographic shift

Back 71

Change in population make up over time

Front 72

What are the US trends of demographics

Back 72

Getting bigger, older, and more diverse

Front 73

Pull and push factors

Back 73

Pull factors encourage one to immigrate to country and push factors make one want to emigrate from their own place

Front 74

What is demographic transition? What are the stages?

Back 74

Specific example of dem shift referring to changes in birth and death rates as country develops from preindustrial to industrial

Stage 1 preindustrial both birth and death rates high

2 improvement in healthcare, sanitation and nutrition, wages reduce death rate

3 birth rates drop cuz Wahmen rights, contraception and children take a billion years to be productive

4 fully industrial. Birth and death rates both low

Front 75

Malthusian theory

Back 75

Exponential growth of population outpaces supply and causes a Malthusian catastrophe aka mass starvation

Front 76

Social movements

Back 76

Promote or resist social change

Front 77

Proactive vs reactive

Back 77

Proactive is a social movement to change, reactive against change

Front 78

What can cause social movement?

Back 78

Relative deprivation. Perceived decrease in resource representation or other

Front 79

Urbanization

Back 79

Dense areas of population that create a pull for migration.

Front 80

Ghetto

Back 80

Place where racial, ethnic, or religious minorities are concentrated

Front 81

Conflict theory

Back 81

Based on Marx teachings of who has power (influence)

Front 82

Slum

Back 82

Very densely populated area with low quality housing and sanitation

Front 83

Social stratification

Back 83

Who gets what and why

Front 84

Socioeconomic status (SES)

Back 84

Based on both ascribed and achieved status

Front 85

Prestige

Back 85

Amount of positive regard society has for person or idea

Front 86

Power

Back 86

Ability to affect others behavior through real or perceived awards or punishments

Front 87

What is a core component of power?

Back 87

It defines the relation between individuals

Front 88

Marxist theory

Back 88

Proletariat could rise against bourgeoisie with class consciousness (recognition of shared goals) but didn’t cuz false consciousness (misconception of ones position in society)

Front 89

Anomie

Back 89

Lack of social norms, or breakdown of social bonds between individual and society

Front 90

Strain theory

Back 90

Focused on how anomic conditions can lead to deviance

Front 91

What are some examples of anomic conditions?

Back 91

Excessive individualism, social inequality, isolation

Front 92

Symbolic interactionism

Back 92

Microlevel social analysis of how we use symbols to interact

Front 93

Social capital

Back 93

Investment people make into their society in return for economic or collective rewards. More investment means higher social integration (peaceful movement into mainstream society) and inclusion

Front 94

What is a common form of social capital?

Back 94

Social networks

Front 95

What can create privilege?

Back 95

Inequality in networks

Front 96

Privilege

Back 96

Inequality in opportunity

Front 97

Cultural capital

Back 97

What one receives from knowledge, abilities, and skills (as opposed to group association)

Front 98

What are the two ways communities are connected? Explain

Back 98

Strong ties: between peers and kin. Quantitively small but qualitatively powerful

Weak ties: superficial, large in number connections (professional relationships)

Front 99

Not having multiple weak ties can

Back 99

Make it difficult to access social capital

Front 100

Social inequality is higher among underprivileged groups due to

Back 100

Intersectionality

Front 101

Social mobility

Back 101

Moving up and down in class

Front 102

Intragenerational

Back 102

Social mobility change during ones lifetime

Front 103

Rational choice and exchange theory

Back 103

Theoretical socio approach

Rational choice: people make choices based on pros and cons

Exchange theory: rational choice as it applies specifically to groups and whether they affirm/ reject actions

Front 104

Inter generational change

Back 104

Social mobility change from parent to child

Front 105

What is a driving force of social mobility? Define it

Back 105

Meritocracy. Intellectual talent and achievement

Front 106

Plutocracy

Back 106

Rule by upper classes

Front 107

Vertical mobility

Back 107

Movement through social class

Front 108

Horizontal mobility

Back 108

Change in occupation or lifestyle

Front 109

Poverty

Back 109

Lack of possessions or financial resources

Front 110

Social reproduction

Back 110

Social inequality can be passed from one generation to the next

Front 111

Structural poverty

Back 111

Society has “holes” of poverty

Front 112

What are the two types of poverty?

Back 112

Absolute: inadequate access to shelter food etc

Relative: poverty compared to population

Front 113

Poverty line. What is its issue?

Back 113

Determined by estimated minimum income requirement to live. Doesn’t take into account of living expense by area

Front 114

Feminist theory

Back 114

Theoretical approach where women have it worse

Front 115

Social exclusion

Back 115

Minority sense of powerlessness further isolates them

Front 116

Spatial inequality

Back 116

Inequality based on where people live

Front 117

Suburbanization

Back 117

Middle class migration to suburban communities

Front 118

Urban decay

Back 118

Previously functional portion of a city decays. Can be reversed by urban renewal

Front 119

Urban renewal

Back 119

City land reclaimed for public/ private use

Front 120

Gentrification

Back 120

Related to urban renewal. Upper and middle class populations purchase, renovate, bad hoods and displace low ses

Front 121

Low ses are more at risk to disease due to ______factors

Back 121

Environmental

Front 122

World system theory

Back 122

Emphasizes global inequality

Front 123

What are the details of works system theory?

Back 123

Core nations focus on higher skills and exploit peripheral countries. Semi peripheral countries lie between

Front 124

Incidence

Back 124

New cases per population at risk in a time frame

Front 125

Six social institutions

Back 125

Family:

Education: has hidden curriculum (transmits norms) teacher expectancy (teachers get what they expect)

Religion: measured in religiosity

Government:

Economy

Medicine: sick role people used to be exempt from responsibility and social roles but are now expected to exercise and seek help

Front 126

Prevalence

Back 126

cases of an illness, new or chronic, over total population, over time

Front 127

Morbidity

Back 127

Amount of burden or degree of illness associated with a disease

Front 128

Mortality

Back 128

Deaths caused by a disease

Front 129

Waitzkins second sickness

Back 129

exacerbation of health outcome caused by social injustice

Front 130

Men have higher____ due to _________ and women have higher ______. These are both ____ and ________ determined

Back 130

Mortality. Higher risk behavior. Morbidity. Biologically. Sociologically

Front 131

Medicare covers

Back 131

Patients over 65, those with ESRD and ALS

Front 132

Medicaid covers

Back 132

Those in financial need

Front 133

Women are ____ likely to be favored by the healthcare system

Back 133

More

Front 134

Four key tenets of medical ethics

Back 134

Beneficence: act in patients best interest

Nonmaleficence: do no harm

Respect for pt autonomy: Pt right to choices

Justice: equal fair healthcare

Front 135

Ethnography

Back 135

Study of cultures and customs

Front 136

Explain functionalism

Back 136

Treats a society like an organism. Functions are beneficial consequences of people’s action and dysfunctions are harmful consequences that undermine the system

Front 137

Ethnographic methods

Back 137

Experimental methods used to study ethnicity or culture of a group

Front 138

Culture

Back 138

Lifestyle of a given group

Front 139

Material culture

Back 139

Physical cultural objects

Front 140

Symbolic culture (nonmaterial)

Back 140

Ideas that represent a group of people

Front 141

Which culture type changes faster and why does it lead to?

Back 141

Material. This leads to culture lag: we like privacy but smartphones dont

Front 142

What part of culture is important for communication and transmission of culture?

Back 142

Language

Front 143

Values

Back 143

What a person seems important in life

Front 144

Belief

Back 144

Something someone holds as truth

Front 145

Cultural barriets

Back 145

Conflict between cultures

Front 146

Norm

Back 146

Boundaries of acceptable behavior. Important and different for cultures

Front 147

Manifest functin

Back 147

Pertains to functionalism, a function with an intended positive function

Front 148

Ritual

Back 148

Formal ceremony with materials and symbols and mandated behavior

Front 149

Demographics

Back 149

Statistics of populations

Front 150

What are the common ethnographic categories?

Back 150

Age,gender, race, ethnicity, sex orientation, immigration status

Front 151

Ageism

Back 151

Treating someone without respect based on their age

Front 152

Is race a social construct?

Back 152

Yes

Front 153

Racialization

Back 153

Establishment of a race (Jews were religion now a race)

Front 154

The theory that race is fluid and dependent on political, economic, and social factors

Back 154

Racial formation theory

Front 155

Ethnicity

Back 155

Refers to ones cultural identity whereas race is more physical characteristic based

Front 156

Symbolic ethnicity

Back 156

Symbols are important connection to ethnicity even when the ethnic identity not important (Irish one day a year celebration)

Front 157

Intersectionality

Back 157

Compounding factors of discrimination

Front 158

Latent function

Back 158

Pertains to functionalism, unintended positive functions of a manifest function

Front 159

Demographic shift

Back 159

Change in population make up over time

Front 160

What are the US trends of demographics

Back 160

Getting bigger, older, and more diverse

Front 161

Pull and push factors

Back 161

Pull factors encourage one to immigrate to country and push factors make one want to emigrate from their own place

Front 162

What is demographic transition? What are the stages?

Back 162

Specific example of dem shift referring to changes in birth and death rates as country develops from preindustrial to industrial

Stage 1 preindustrial both birth and death rates high

2 improvement in healthcare, sanitation and nutrition, wages reduce death rate

3 birth rates drop cuz Wahmen rights, contraception and children take a billion years to be productive

4 fully industrial. Birth and death rates both low

Front 163

Malthusian theory

Back 163

Exponential growth of population outpaces supply and causes a Malthusian catastrophe aka mass starvation

Front 164

Social movements

Back 164

Promote or resist social change

Front 165

Proactive vs reactive

Back 165

Proactive is a social movement to change, reactive against change

Front 166

What can cause social movement?

Back 166

Relative deprivation. Perceived decrease in resource representation or other

Front 167

Urbanization

Back 167

Dense areas of population that create a pull for migration.

Front 168

Ghetto

Back 168

Place where racial, ethnic, or religious minorities are concentrated

Front 169

Conflict theory

Back 169

Based on Marx teachings of who has power (influence)

Front 170

Slum

Back 170

Very densely populated area with low quality housing and sanitation

Front 171

Social stratification

Back 171

Who gets what and why

Front 172

Socioeconomic status (SES)

Back 172

Based on both ascribed and achieved status

Front 173

Prestige

Back 173

Amount of positive regard society has for person or idea

Front 174

Power m

Back 174

Ability to affect others behavior through real or perceived awards or punishments

Front 175

What is a core component of power

Back 175

It defines the relation between individuals

Front 176

Marxist theory

Back 176

Proletariat could rise against bourgeoisie with class consciousness (recognition of shared goals) but didn’t cuz false consciousness (misconception of ones position in society)

Front 177

Anomie

Back 177

Lack of social norms, or breakdown of social bonds between individual and society

Front 178

Strain theory

Back 178

Focused on how anomic conditions can lead to deviance

Front 179

What are some examples of anomic conditions?

Back 179

Excessive individualism, social inequality, isolation

Front 180

Symbolic interactionism

Back 180

Microlevel social analysis of how we use symbols to interact

Front 181

Social capital

Back 181

Investment people make into their society in return for economic or collective rewards. More investment means higher social integration (peaceful movement into mainstream society) and inclusion

Front 182

What is a common form of social capital?

Back 182

Social networks

Front 183

What can create privilege?

Back 183

Inequality in networks

Front 184

Privilege

Back 184

Inequality in opportunity

Front 185

Cultural capital

Back 185

What one receives from knowledge, abilities, and skills (as opposed to group association)

Front 186

What are the two ways communities are connected? Explain

Back 186

Strong ties: between peers and kin. Quantitively small but qualitatively powerful

Weak ties: superficial, large in number connections (professional relationships)

Front 187

Not having multiple weak ties can

Back 187

Make it difficult to access social capital

Front 188

Social inequality is higher among underprivileged groups due to

Back 188

Intersectionality

Front 189

Social mobility

Back 189

Moving up and down in class

Front 190

Intragenerational

Back 190

Social mobility change during ones lifetime

Front 191

Rational choice and exchange theory

Back 191

Theoretical socio approach

Rational choice: people make choices based on pros and cons

Exchange theory: rational choice as it applies specifically to groups and whether they affirm/ reject actions

Front 192

Inter generational change

Back 192

Social mobility change from parent to child

Front 193

What is a driving force of social mobility? Define it

Back 193

Meritocracy. Intellectual talent and achievement

Front 194

Plutocracy

Back 194

Rule by upper classes

Front 195

Vertical mobility

Back 195

Movement through social class

Front 196

Horizontal mobility

Back 196

Change in occupation or lifestyle

Front 197

Poverty

Back 197

Lack of possessions or financial resources

Front 198

Social reproduction

Back 198

Social inequality can be passed from one generation to the next

Front 199

Structural poverty

Back 199

Society has “holes” of poverty

Front 200

What are the two types of poverty?

Back 200

Absolute: inadequate access to shelter food etc

Relative: poverty compared to population

Front 201

Poverty line. What is its issue?

Back 201

Determined by estimated minimum income requirement to live. Doesn’t take into account of living expense by area

Front 202

Feminist theory

Back 202

Theoretical approach where women have it worse

Front 203

Social exclusion

Back 203

Minority sense of powerlessness further isolates them

Front 204

Spatial inequality

Back 204

Inequality based on where people live

Front 205

Suburbanization

Back 205

Middle class migration to suburban communities

Front 206

Urban decay

Back 206

Previously functional portion of a city decays. Can be reversed by urban renewal

Front 207

Urban renewal

Back 207

City land reclaimed for public/ private use

Front 208

Gentrification

Back 208

Related to urban renewal. Upper and middle class populations purchase, renovate, bad hoods and displace low ses

Front 209

Low ses are more at risk to disease due to ______factors

Back 209

Environmental

Front 210

World system theory

Back 210

Emphasizes global inequality

Front 211

What are the details of world system theory?

Back 211

Core nations focus on higher skills and exploit peripheral countries. Semi peripheral countries lie between

Front 212

Incidence

Back 212

New cases per population at risk in a time frame

Front 213

Six social institutions

Back 213

Family:

Education: has hidden curriculum (transmits norms) teacher expectancy (teachers get what they expect)

Religion: measured in religiosity

Government:

Economy

Medicine: sick role people used to be exempt from responsibility and social roles but are now expected to exercise and seek help

Front 214

Prevalence

Back 214

New cases of an illness, new or chronic, over total population, over time

Front 215

Morbidity

Back 215

Amount of burden or degree of illness associated with a disease

Front 216

Mortality

Back 216

Deaths caused by a disease

Front 217

Waitzkins second sickness

Back 217

exacerbation of health outcome caused by social injustice

Front 218

Men have higher____ due to _________ and women have higher ______. These are both ____ and ________ determined

Back 218

Mortality. Higher risk behavior. Morbidity. Biologically. Sociologically

Front 219

Medicare covers

Back 219

Patients over 65, those with ESRD and ALS

Front 220

Medicaid covers

Back 220

Those in financial need

Front 221

Women are ____ likely to be favored by the healthcare system

Back 221

More

Front 222

Four key tenets of medical ethics

Back 222

Beneficence: act in patients best interest

Nonmaleficence: do no harm

Respect for pt autonomy: Pt right to choices

Justice: equal fair healthcare

Front 223

Ethnography

Back 223

Study of cultures and customs