Mbb 231 Midterm 1

Front 1

Cell Theory (Original 3)

Back 1

1) All organisms are composed of cells
2) The cell is the basic functional unit of all living organisms
3) All cells come from preexisting cells

Front 2

Modern Cell Theory

Back 2

1) Original Cell Theory
2) All cells contain the information necessary for regulation and transmission of information to offspring
3) All cells are basically the same in chemical composition and metabolic activities
4) All basic chemical and physiological features are carried out inside cells
5) Cell function is dependent on subcellular activities

Front 3

3 Domains of Life

Back 3

1) Eukaryotes
2) Bacteria
3) Archaea

Front 4

Eukaryotic Cells

Back 4

- Animal and Plant Cells
- Membrane bound nucleus/organelles
- Contain many compartments
- DNA segregates within nucleus

Front 5

Bacterial Cells

Back 5

- Prokaryotes
- Not compartmentalized
- DNA not membrane enclosed
- Surrounded by two membranes
- No nucleus
- Different replication/genetics than archaea

Front 6

Archaea

Back 6

- Prokaryotes
- Not compartmentalized
- DNA not membrane enclosed
- Surrounded by two membranes
- No nucleus
- Different replication/genetics than bacteria

Front 7

Periplasmic Space

Back 7

The space between the inner and outer membrane of bacterial and archaeal cells

Front 8

Viruses

Back 8

-10X smaller than cells
- Not alive -> cannot reproduce/grow on their own

Front 9

Model Organism

Back 9

Species in which discoveries that are made often apply to other organisms

Front 10

Example of Primary Structure

Back 10

Amino Acid Chain

Front 11

Example(s) of Secondary Structure

Back 11

Folded amino acid chain

Front 12

Example(s) of Tertiary Structure

Back 12

α Helicies, β sheets

Front 13

Example(s) of Quaternary Structure

Back 13

Protein complexes, supermolecular assemblies

Front 14

Motif

Back 14

Combination of α Helicies and β sheets that have been identified

Front 15

Fibrous Proteins

Back 15

Layers of anti parallel β sheets
- small ALA & GLY sidechains allow close packing which gives strength

Front 16

Globular Proteins

Back 16

Proteins folded into compact structures
- each has its own unique tertiary structure

Front 17

Domain

Back 17

Localy folded unit of tertiary structure, often with specific function

Front 18

4 Ways proteins are held together

Back 18

1) Hydrogen bonds
2) Disulfide Bonds
3) Ionic bonds
4) Van der Waals interactions

Front 19

Christian Anfinsen Experiment

Back 19

Showed all the info needed for a protein to properly fold is present in its amino acid sequence

Front 20

Self Assembly Model

Back 20

The idea a protein could coil/fold spontaneously and progressively as the amino acid chain elongates

Front 21

Chaperones

Back 21

Bind/stabilize unfolded or partially folded proteins
- Expressed in response to elevated temperatures

Front 22

Chaperonins

Back 22

Hollow proteins that actively bind to and fold proteins
- evolutionarily conserved
- prevents aggregation

Front 23

Prions

Back 23

Proteinaceous Infectious Particle
- Occur in normal and infectious forms
- infectious forms change normal forms into insoluble fibers
- leads to cell death

Front 24

Polysaccharides

Back 24

Long chain polymers of sugars that can be the same monosaccharide or alternating monosaccharides

Front 25

α-Glycosidic Bond

Back 25

Both bonds between monosaccarides are both "down"

Front 26

β-Glycosidic Bond

Back 26

One of the two bonds between monosaccarides is "down" and the other is "up"

Front 27

Glycogen

Back 27

The storage polysaccharide in aminal/bacteria cells
- stored in liver/muscles
- Branched β-D-Glucose subunits

Front 28

Startch

Back 28

Storage in plants
- Stored in plastids, inside chloroplasts (Starch synthesis), inside amyloplasts

Front 29

Cellulose

Back 29

Commonly found in plant cell walls
- repeating β-D-Glucose monomers
- β-1-4 linkages cannot be hydrolyzed by most animals
- Makes cells grow wider rather than longer

Front 30

Chitin

Back 30

Polysaccharide found in insect exoskeletons and crustacean shells
- Repeating N-ylglucosamine linked together by β(1-4) bonds

Front 31

Lipids

Back 31

The main components of membranes and also used for energy storage

Front 32

6 classes of lipids

Back 32

1) Fatty Acids
2) Triacylglycerols