Mb #12 - Innate Immunity

Front 1

Why is the innate immune response key to host defense?

Back 1

IIR controls the spread of initial infection and covers the time it takes for the acquired immunity system to be activated.

Front 2

What are the characteristics of innate immune response?

Back 2

Broad spectrum, no memory, limited repertoire, and responses are ancient and highly conserved.

Front 3

__ immunity is consistent. __ immunity changes its response after each exposure to a given stimulus.

Back 3

Innate immunity is consistent. Adaptive immunity changes.

Front 4

During which stages of infection do innate immunity and adaptive immunity occur?

Back 4

Innate responds to local infection. Adaptive occurs once the infection increases with lymphatic spread.

Front 5

Give the two phases of innate immunity and tell how they work.

Back 5

1. Immediate uses non-specific effectors to remove the infection. 2. Early induced response recruits effector cells to recognize the pathogen and activate its removal.

Front 6

Name the circulating effector cells and the circulating effector proteins. To what type of immunity to do they belong? When do they become active?

Back 6

Effector cells - NKs, neutrophils, macrophages, DCs. Effector proteins - complement, coagulation factors, C-reactive protein. They are part of innate immunity. These become active once barriers to infection are breached.

Front 7

What are cytokines? These are __ factors of __ immunity.

Back 7

"Small proteins released by various cells in the body, in response to a stimulus and act by binding to specific receptors).

Front 8

How is a cytokine different from a chemokine? Give an example of each one.

Back 8

Chemokines are cytokines that induced directed chemotaxis. ChemoK - IL8. CytoK - IL2.

Front 9

Give an example of physical and chemical barriers.

Back 9

Physical - skin and mucous membranes. Chemical - enzymes and anti-bacterial peptides.

Front 10

Inhibition of __ in the respiratory tract and __ in the GIT can cause bacterial overgrowth and lead to disease.

Back 10

Mucous - RT. Peristalsis - GIT.

Front 11

What are the two cells of innate immunity that recognize pathogens that also mediate pathogen killing and uptake by phagocytosis?

Back 11

Macrophages and PMNs.

Front 12

Of the macrophages and PMNs, which ones are short lived? Which ones are present in tissues?

Back 12

Macrophages - present in tissues and long lived. PMNs - present in circulation and short lived.

Front 13

__ cells are the first to recognize a pathogen once it invades host tissues. Which cells does it recruit to the site of infection?

Back 13

Macrophages; they recruit PMNs.

Front 14

What step of intracellular destruction ensures pathogen death?

Back 14

Fusion of the phagocyte and lysosome.

Front 15

__ are essential for microbial survival and signal a specific class of pathogen to the host immune system.

Back 15

PAMPs - Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns.

Front 16

Also known as TRLs, __ are the main recognition elements for microbial patterns.

Back 16

Pattern Recognition Receptors - PRRs.

Front 17

What is the result of impaired NFkB activation?

Back 17

Severe immunodeficiency; increased susceptibility to bacterial infections.

Front 18

Oxygen is converted into __ to destroy microbes. What is the primary generating system for this conversion?

Back 18

Oxyhalide free radicals. Phagocyte oxidase system.

Front 19

Explain the etiology of CGD.

Back 19

Chronic granulomatous disease is a primary immunodeficiency caused by inherited deficiency in the phagocyte oxidase system.

Front 20

This aspect of innate response affects both innate and adaptive immunity. What is used to mediate it?

Back 20

Generation of the induced arm of innate responses. Mediated by cytokines and chemokines.

Front 21

What happens if there is a failure to induce inflammation?

Back 21

Systemic bacterial infection without inflammation will occur. This dampens the immune response to eradicating the infection.

Front 22

What are the three changes in the blood vessel at the site of an infection that causes the characteristics of inflammation?

Back 22

Increased diameter --> increased local blood flow. Reduced velocity of blood flow --> swelling. Increased vascular permeability --> swelling and pain.

Front 23

What is the primary objective of inflammation?

Back 23

To localize and eradicate the irritant and repair the surrounding tissue.

Front 24

Inflammation serves three important roles:

Back 24

Augment killing. Physical barrier preventing spread of infection. Promotes repair of injured tissue.

Front 25

Are neutrophils recruited before or after phagocytosis?

Back 25

After.

Front 26

These cells are an early component of innate immune response and play an important role against viral infections. What role do they play in adaptive immunity?

Back 26

NKs. Link to adaptive immunity by secreting cytokines that induce DC maturation.

Front 27

What is the systemic effect of cytokines? What does this effect have to do with opsonization?

Back 27

Cytokines change the spectrum of plasma proteins secreted by hepatocytes.