Marine Biology Exam I

Front 1

Properties of Water

Back 1

-Denser than air
-Density Changes with temperature
-Viscosity
-Surface Tension
-High heat of vaporization (evaporates slowly)
-High Heat Capacity (absorbs heat)
-High heat of fusion (change in state --> gas, liquid, etc.)
-Universal solvent (polar)

Front 2

Viscosity

Back 2

-increases with a decrease in temperature or an increase in salinity
-relatively low for a iquid
-allows organisms to move through water with paddle like structure (ex. copepods)

Front 3

Organism Adaptations for High Heat Capacity of Water

Back 3

-organisms mostly cold blooded
-if warm blooded --> insulated with fur, feathers, or fat

Front 4

How do marine organisms get oxygen?

Back 4

they pump it over gills or other respiratory structures

Front 5

Salinity of Seawater

Back 5

-35 g salt/1000 g water = 35 practical salinity units

Front 6

Major Elements of Seawater

Back 6

-Chloride (55%)
-Sodium (31%)
-Sulfate (8%)
-Magnesium (4%)
-Calcium (1%)
-Potassium (1%)

Front 7

Minor Elements of Seawater

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-Bicarbonate (0.41%)
-Bromide (0.19%)
-Boric Acid (0.07%)
-Strontium (0.04%)

Front 8

Trace Elements of Seawater

Back 8

-phosphate
-nitrate
-silicon dioxide

Front 9

Density of Water

Back 9

determined by: (in order)
1)temperature
2)salinity
3)pressure
-maximum density for pure water occurs at 4 degrees C

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Pressure

Back 10

-increases 1 atm ever 10 meters down

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Plates

Back 11

-Atlantic Plate
-India-Australian Plate
-South American Plate
-Pacific Plate
-Antarctic Plate
-Eurasian Plate
-Iran Plate
-Nazca Plate
-Cocos Plate
-Philippine Plate

Front 12

Seas

Back 12

-Baltic Sea
-Bering Sea
-Mediterranean Sea
-Black Sea
-Caribbean Sea
-China Sea
-North Sea
-Coral Sea
-Red Sea
-Arabian Sea
-Sea of Japan

Front 13

Oceans

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-Constitute 60% of N. Hemisphere & 80% of S. Hemisphere
-Pacific Ocean
-Atlantic Ocean
-Indian Ocean
-Arctic Ocean

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Continental Shelf

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Shore to Edge of Slope (200m deep)

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Continental Slope

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3000 meters deep

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Continental Rise

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4000 meters deep

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Abyssal Plain

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6000 meters deep

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Oceanic Trench

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about 10,000 meters deep

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Thermal Stratification

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1)Epilimnion
2)Thermocline
3)Hypolimnion
-Oxygen Deprivation on bottom when there is uneven mixing

Front 20

Tropical Conditions

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-thermal stratification is continuous
-low primary productivity

Front 21

Temperate Climate

Back 21

-overturn most of the year with stratification in summer

Front 22

Minimum Oxygen

Back 22

-oxygen decreases from surface to about 500 meters (minimum)
-after 500 meters, oxygen concentration begins increasing again

Front 23

Currents

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-flow clockwise in N. Hemisphere
-flow counterclockwise in S. Hemisphere

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Ridge

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Shallow areas/rises in ocean where there is high volcanic activity

Front 25

Subduction Zone

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-one plate is being pushed below another
-creates oceanic trenches

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Tsunamis

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-occur when pressure between plates is released causing massive waves
-also can occur is there is an underwater landslide
-clear sign of a tsunami when water moves away from shoreline

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Photic Zone

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-Enough light for photosynthesis
-Extends to the depth where the amount of carbon being used equals the amount being synthesized (no net change)

Front 28

Neritic Zone

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-encompasses the water mass that overlies the continental shelf
-goes down to depth of 200 m

Front 29

Epipelagic Zone

Back 29

-photic region of the pelagic zone (over open ocean)
-goes down to depth of 200 m

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Aphotic Zone

Back 30

-permanently dark water below the photic zone
-depth below 200 m and beyond

Front 31

Mesopelagic Zone

Back 31

-uppermost aphotic zone (700-1000 m)
-Water is about 10 degrees C

Front 32

Bathylpelagic Zone

Back 32

-Depth from 1000-4000 m
-Water is about 4 - 10 degrees C

Front 33

Abyssalpelagic Zone

Back 33

-Depth from 4000 - 6000 m

Front 34

Hadalpelagic Zone

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-open ocean water of the deep trenches
-depth between 6000 - 12000 m

Front 35

Plankton

Back 35

-limited swimming power
-travel at will of currents
-separated from organisms that are strong enough to swim against currents

Front 36

Phytoplankton

Back 36

-photosynthetic organisms that generate chemical energy from light
-generally algae & bacteria

Front 37

Zooplankton

Back 37

-free floating animals/organisms
-omnivores & carnivores

Front 38

Bacterioplankton

Back 38

-autotrophs & heterotrophs

Front 39

Megaplankton

Back 39

-above 20 cm

Front 40

Macroplankton

Back 40

-between 2-20 cm
-cniderians, snails

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Mesoplankton

Back 41

0.2-2 cm
-arthropods

Front 42

Microplankton

Back 42

0.02-0.2 cm

Front 43

Nanoplankton

Back 43

20-200 micrometers

Front 44

Virtually Everything in the Marine system has...

Back 44

a plankton stage of life

Front 45

Meroplankton

Back 45

only plankton for one stage of their life

Front 46

Holoplankton

Back 46

always in plankton stage

Front 47

Diatoms

Back 47

-dominant phytoplankton in polar and temperate regions
-Coccolithophores
-Have silicon dioxide box over body

Front 48

Dinoflagellates

Back 48

-symbiotic with other organisms
-have two flagella
-armored with plates of carbohydrate cellulose
-fairly common

Front 49

Haptophytes

Back 49

-found in tropical areas
-have calcium carbonate plates on sides

Front 50

Prochlorophytes

Back 50

-in tropical areas
-most numerically abundant

Front 51

Cyanobacteria

Back 51

-typically on shorelines
-blue-green algae

Front 52

Phytoplankton

Back 52

-Diatoms
-Dinoflagellates
-Prochlorophytes
-Haptophytes
-Cyanobacteria

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Zooplankton

Back 53

-Copepods
-Protista
-Radiolarians
-Ciliophora
-Cnidaria

Front 54

Copepods

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-swim with antennae
-use legs to gather diatoms

Front 55

Protista

Back 55

-grazers

Front 56

Radiolarians

Back 56

-may have symbiotic algae
-have silicon dioxide shell

Front 57

Ciliophora

Back 57

-major grazers of the nanophytoplankton

Front 58

Cnidarian

Back 58

-various jellyfish of the classes Hydrozoa & Scyphozoa
-eat fish

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Ctenophora

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-voracious carnivores
-capture food w/ tentacles
-some use lights to attract prey

Front 60

Heteropods

Back 60

-carnivores with transparent jellylike bodies

Front 61

Pteropods

Back 61

-carnivores
-shelled pteropods have fragile shells
-swim using winglike foot

Front 62

Ostracoda

Back 62

-hard to identify
-studied by few people
-plentiful in fresh & salt water

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Chordata

Back 63

-notochord
-hollow dorsal nerve chord
-gills

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Salps

Back 64

-class of Chordata
-filter feeders

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Larvacea

Back 65

-class of Chordata
-feed on algae
-shed "house" after it is filled up
-filter feeders

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Primary Productivity

Back 66

rate of formation of energy-rich organic compounds from inorganic materials
-phytoplankton are primary producers

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Gross Primary Production

Back 67

total amount of organic energy produced

Front 68

Net Primary Production

Back 68

gross primary production - energy needed for plant respiration

Front 69

Net Primary Production (calculation)

Back 69

-easiest way to measure this is by using oxygen
1)light/dark bottle method: two bottles, one clear, one dark, measure oxygen content in clear bottle - oxygen content from dark bottle
oxygen gain - oxygen loss = net primary productivity

2) C14 uptake method
-add radioactive C14 to bottle of seawater with phytoplankton
-after incubation period, poured onto filter paper
-measure amount of radioactivity on filter paper (proportional to rate of primary production)
-to correct for possible nonphotosynthetic uptake, same thing is run in a dark bottle

C uptake = (C14 on filter x available inorganic carbon x 1.05)/ total C14 added

Front 70

What effects primary productivity?

Back 70

1)Light
-much is reflected off surface (greater the angle = greater reflection)
-light is absorbed as it enters the water (infrared & ultraviolet light absorbed within first few meters)
-light scattered by particles in water

2)Nutrients
-more production where nutrients enter water from soil

Front 71

Heaviest carbon fixation

Back 71

-in tropical rainforests (about 31% light)
-oceans about 7% light --> much lower production

Front 72

Differences in productivity based on season

Back 72

-North Atlantic --> copepods eat diatoms after bloom
-Pacific --> copepods come to surface in last juvenile stage & eat diatoms --> no bloom
-Tropics dominated by Coccolithophore diatoms all year

Front 73

Plankton (importance)

Back 73

-plankton is the base of the food chain & all marine life depends on it
-if it is effected by chemicals, whether, etc., then all life is effected

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Reptiles

Back 74

1) loggerhead turtles
-long migration
-humans cause them great distress --> bubble butt (air in back parts that cause them to float to surface)
-bubble butt caused by stress
-humans also eat them

2) Sea Snakes
-Near Australia
-related to coras

3) Salt Water Crocodiles
-live near shore

4) Salt Water Iguanas
-Live in Galapagos
-Dive into cold water for 15-20mins to hunt

Front 75

Birds

Back 75

1)Penguins
-some live in Galapagos
-most familiar with ones in Antarctica
-warm blooded
-fish eaters

2)Albatross
-fish eaters

3)Cormorants
-dive down 100m to catch fish

Front 76

Nekton

Back 76

all organisms capable of sustained locomotion against the motion of the water

Front 77

Holoepipelagic

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fish that spend their entire lives in the epipelagic zone

Front 78

Meroepipelagic

Back 78

these fish spend only part of their life cycle in epipelagic waters

Front 79

Buoyancy

Back 79

1)most fish have gas bladders
2)mammals use lungs & fat deposits for buoyancy (whales have 2-3 feet of blubber)
3)birds use lungs & have hollow bones
-they can also trap air near body using their wings
4)sharks have lots of fat & heterocircle tail

Front 80

Physostome

Back 80

-open duct between gas bladder & esophagus
-can fill gas bladder by gulping at surface air or using rete mirabile

Front 81

Physoclist

Back 81

-no duct connected to gas bladder

Front 82

Locomotion

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1)Fish --> alternate contractions on opposite sides of body
2)Mammals --> spring forward using back muscles (this creates and up & down movement through the water)

-Flipper or Fins = slow movement

Front 83

Body Shape

Back 83

1)Frictional Resistance --> dependent on exposed surface area (a circle = least surface area)
2)Form Resistance --> drag is proportional to the cross sectional area of the object in contact with the water
-least resistance for large volume if ration between the largest diameter & length is about 0.22
3)Induced Drag --> turbulence due to change in speed & direction of flow
4)Laminar Flow --> smooth flow around small animals or large slow animals

-To reduce friction, genitalia are inside internal cavities, hair is gone, & mammary glands are reduced

Front 84

Defense & Camouflage

Back 84

1)Cryptic Coloration
-Upper Water --> dominated by blue & green colors
-Ventral Side --> white or silvery to match illumination source
2)Transparent --> some animals are transparent

Front 85

Sensory Systems

Back 85

1)Lateral Lines --> Pressure receptors; feel pressure changes around the animal
2)Ampullae of Larenzine -->sensitive to minute electric currents (sharks & rays)
3)Geomagnetic Fields --> long distance navigation (whales & loggerhead turtles)

Front 86

Echolocation

Back 86

-similar to sonar
-sounds travel faster in water
-Melon of sperm whale sends out sound waves that bounce off objects and are received by area in lower jaw

Front 87

Eyes

Back 87

-eyes on sides of head give wide range
-no binocular vision or great focus

Front 88

Reproduction

Back 88

-Holonektonic Fish --> large spawns of eggs, but few survive
-Pelagic Sharks --> have embryos; give live birth
-Birds & Reptiles --> give birth on land
-Whales --> give birth in warm water so offspring don't lose too much heat; offspring gain weight quickly

Front 89

Special Adaptations for Warm Blooded Animals

Back 89

-large body size --> reduces surface to volume ratio
-large amounts of blubber

Front 90

Circulatory Systems

Back 90

1)Counter-Current System
-core temperature kept high by arteries bringing warm blood to extremities & veins being warmed by running along arteries as they return
-kidneys --> loop of henle is an example a a counter current system

Front 91

Diving Capabilities

Back 91

-whales dive deep & hold breath for 80 mins
-seals about 40 mins
-collapse lungs without problems
-don't get bends because they don't breathe
-much larger blood volume --> stores more oxygen

Front 92

Extreme Exercise

Back 92

-cuts off blood flow to kidneys, digestive organs, and other organs that are not needed at the time
-same thing happens with diving animals
-they also slow their heart rate
(bottle-nosed dolphin goes from about 90 bpm --> 20 bpm when diving) --> aka bradycardia

Front 93

Efficient Kidneys

Back 93

-get rid of excess salt
-birds have salt glands to secrete salt through eyes

Front 94

Birds have good smell

Back 94

birds can smell DMS (Dimethyl Sulfide) gas produced by krill (zooplankton)

Front 95

Review Food Web Chart

Back 95

Both in the book & Dr. Savitz's sheet