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122 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Muscles can only _______.
(pull or push) |
pull
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Muscles can never ________.
(pull or push) |
push
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Generally, as a muscle shortens what happens to the insertion and origin?
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Its insertion moves toward its origin
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As a muscle shortens, its _________ moves toward its __________.
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insertion ; origin
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What is an insertion?
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attachment on movable bone
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What term is best described:
" attachment on movable bone " |
insertion
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What term is best described:
" attachment on immovable point " |
origin
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What is an origin?
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attachment on immovable joint
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What are the functional groups of skeletal muscles?
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- prime movers/agonists
- antagonists - synergists - fixators |
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What functional group is best described:
" provide the major force for producing a specific movement " |
prime movers/agonists
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What are prime movers/agonists?
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the functional group of skeletal muscles that provide the major force for producing a specific movement
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What is an example of a prime mover/agonist?
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biceps brachii is prime mover of elbow flexion
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Biceps brachii is ___________ of elbow flexion
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prime mover
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__________ is the prime mover of elbow flexion
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biceps brachii
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biceps brachii is the prime mover of ____________
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elbow flexion
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What functional group of skeletal muscles is best described:
" oppose or reverse the movement of the prime mover " |
antagonists
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What are antagonists?
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the functional gruop of skeletal muscles that oppose or reverse the movement of the prime mover
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antagonists oppose or reverse what?
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the movement of the prime mover
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antagonists _____________ the movement of the prime mover
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oppose/reverse
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________ is antagonist of biceps brachii
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triceps brachii
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triceps brachii is the antagonist of ____________
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biceps brachii
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triceps brachii is the _________ of biceps brachii
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antagonist
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The prime mover and the antagonist are usually located where?
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on opposite sides of the joint across which they act
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True or false:
The antagonist is itself a prime mover of that particular movement |
true
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True or false:
An antagonist cannot be a prime mover |
false because the antagonist is itself a prime mover of that particular movement
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What functional group is best described:
" help prime movers " |
synergists
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What functional group is best described:
" add force to the same movement " |
synergists
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What functional group is best described:
" reduce undesirable or unnecessary movement " |
synergists
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What are synergists?
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the functional group of skeletal muscles that help prime movers, add force to the same movement, and reduce undesirable or unnecessary movement
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What functional group is best described:
" synergists that immobilize a bone or muscle's origin " |
fixators
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Synergists reduce what?
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undesirable or unnecessary movement
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What is an example of a synergist?
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synergistic muscles stabilize the wrist when making a fist
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What are fixators?
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synergists that immobolize a bone or muscle's origin
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What do fixators immobilize?
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a bone or a muscle's origin
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What is an example of fixators?
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muscles that immobilize the scapula
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What are the different arrangements of fascicles?
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- circular
- convergent - parallel - pennate (unipennate, bipennate, multipennate) |
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What arrangement of fascicles is best described:
" fascicles arranged in concentric rings " |
circular
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What is an example of fascicles in a circular arrangement?
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orbicularis oris
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What arrangement of fascicles is best described:
" fascicles converge toward a single tendon insertion " |
convergent
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What is an example of fascicles in a convergent arrangement?
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pectoralis major
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What arrangement of fascicles is best described:
" fascicles parallel to the long axis of straplike muscle " |
parallel
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What is an example of fascicles in the parallel arrangement?
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sartorius
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What arrangment of fascicles is best described:
" spindle-shaped muscles with parallel fibers " |
fusiform
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What is an example of a fusiform arrangement of fascicles?
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biceps brachii
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In the convergent arrangement of fascicles, what do the fascicles converge to?
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a single tendon insertion
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In the parallel arrangement of fascicles, what are the fascicles parallel to?
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the long axis of a straplike muscle
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What shape are muscles generally in the fusiform arrangement of fascicles?
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spindle-shaped
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What arrangement of fascicles is best described:
" short fascicles attach obliquely to a central tendon running the length of the muscle " |
pennate
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What arrangement of fascicles is generally associated with short fascicles?
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pennate
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Short fascicles attach to what in the pennate arrangement?
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obliquely to a central tendon
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In a unipennate arrangement of fascicles, fascicles are inserted where?
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fascicles insert into one side of tendon
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In a bipennate arrangement of fascicles, fascicles are inserted where?
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fascicles insert into tendon from opposite sides
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In a multipennate arrangement of fascicles, fascicles are inserted where?
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multiple fascicles insert into one tendon
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What pennate arrangement is best described:
" fascicles insert into one side of tendon " |
unipennate
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What pennate arrangement is best described:
" fascicles insert into tendon from opposite sides " |
bipennate
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What pennate arrangement is best described:
" multiple fascicles insert into one tendon " |
multipennate
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What determines a muscle's range of motion?
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the arrangement of muscle's fascicles
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The arrangement of a muscle's fascicles determines what?
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the range of motion
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The more parallel the fibers, the more the muscle what?
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can shorten
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The more WHAT, the more a muscle can shorten
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parallel the fibers
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The greater the number of fibers, the WHAT the muscle?
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more powerful
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The WHAT, the more powerful the muscle.
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greater the number of fibers
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relate the number of parallel fibers and a muscle's ability to shorten
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the more parallel the fibers, the more muscle can shorten
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relate the number of fibers and the powerfullness of a muscle
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the greater the number of fibers, the more powerful the muscle
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bipennate and multipennate muscles shorten very _______, but are very powerful
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little
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bipennate and multipennate muscles shorten very little, but what?
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are very powerful
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What is an example of a pennate arrangement of fascicles?
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rectus femoris
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Give an example of a muscle with a unipennate arrangement of fascicles
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extensor digitorum longus
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Give an example of a muscle with a multipennate arrangement of fascicles
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deltoid
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What are lever systems?
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the partnership between muscular and skeletal systems
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What term is best described:
" the partnership between muscular and skeletal systems" |
lever system
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What are the components of a lever system?
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- lever
- effort - load |
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What is another term for bone, when discussing the lever system?
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rigid bar
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What is another term for rigid bar, when discussing the lever system?
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bone
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Describe the lever, in reference to the lever system
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rigid bar (bone) that moves on a fixed point or fulcrum (joint) when force is applied to it
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What part of the lever system is best described:
" rigid bar/bone that moves on a fixed point/fulcrum/joint when force is applied to it " |
lever
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Describe the effort, in reference to the lever system
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the force (supplied by muscle contraction) applied to a lever to move a resistance (load)
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The _______ is supplied by muscle contraction
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force
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The force is supplied by ____________.
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muscle contraction
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What is another term for resistance, in reference to the lever system?
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load
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What is another term for load, in reference to the lever system?
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resistance
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What component of the lever system is best described:
" resistance moved by the effort" |
load
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What is the load in reference to the lever system?
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- resistance moved by the effort
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What component of the lever system is best described:
" bone + tissues + any added weight " |
load/resistance
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Three classes of the lever system depend on what?
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relative positions of effort, fulcrum, and load
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Three classes of __________ depend on relative positions of effort, fulcrum and load
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the lever system
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Each class of lever system has a different what?
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different:
- speed of contraction - range of movement - weight of load that can be lifted |
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Each class of lever system has a _________ speed of contraction
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different
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Each class of lever system has a _______ range of movement
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different
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Each class of lever system has a ________ weight of lad that can be lifted
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different
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Describe the first class of lever system
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fulcrum between load and effort
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Which class of lever system is best described:
" fulcrum between load and effort" |
first class
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Describe the second class of lever system
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load between fulcrum and effort
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Which class of lever system is best described:
" load between fulcrum and effort" |
second class
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Describe the third class of lever system
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effort applied between fulcrum and load
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Which class of lever system is best described:
" effort applied between fulcrum and load " |
third class
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What factors are involved in naming skeletal muscles?
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- location
- shape - relative size - direction of fibers/fascicles relative to longitudinal axis of body - number of origins/heads - location of attachments - action |
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How is location used in naming skeletal muscles?
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the bone or body region associated with the muscle.
example: temporalis covers temporal bone, popliteus is behind knee, ulnaris is around ulna |
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A deltoid muscles has what shape?
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triangle
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An orbicularis muscle has what shape?
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circle
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A trapezius muscle has what shape?
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trapezoid
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Maximus generally indicates what?
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largest size
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minimus generally indicates what?
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smallest size
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longus generally indicates what?
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long
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brevis generally indicates what?
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short
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rectus generally indicates what?
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that the fibers run straight
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transversus generally indicates what?
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that the fibers run perpendicular/transverse
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oblique generally indicates what?
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oblique angles
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The direction of fibers or fasciles relative to what is used when naming skeletal muscles?
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longitudinal axis of the body
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biceps indicates what?
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2 origins or heads
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triceps indicates what?
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three origins/heads
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quadriceps indicate what?
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four origins/heads
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Muscles are sometimes named according to the point of ______ and ______.
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origin and insertion
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Explain how the term "sternocleidomastoid" uses the 'rules' of naming skeletal muscles.
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uses the location of attachments; named according to point of origin/insertion
dual origins on sternum and clavicle; inserts on mastoid process |
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Muscles are sometimes named according to action. Explain this.
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Muscles are sometimes named to describe the movement produced.
ex. flexor/extensor = flex and extend pronator and supinator = pronate and supinate |
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The skeletal system has ______ and ______ divisions.
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axial ; appendicular
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Axial muscles act where?
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on face, neck, and anterior and posterior trunks
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muscles on the face, neck, and anterior and posterior trunks can be classified as ________ muscles
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axial
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Appendicular muscles act where?
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on girdles and move limb joints
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muscles on girdles and muscles that move limb joints can be classified as __________ muscles
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appendicular
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True or false: muscles are usually described according to anatomical location and cooperative function
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true
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Muscles are usually described according to what two properties?
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- anatomical function
- cooperative function |
