Mariana Crow

Front 1

Mariana crow

Back 1

Corvus kubaryi

Front 2

Middle

Back 2

Middle 1/3rd of canopy

Front 3

Upper

Back 3

Upper 1/3rd of canopy

Front 4

Ground

Back 4

Less than 1 foot from the ground or directly on the ground (foraging)

Front 5

Lower

Back 5

Lower 1/3rd if the average canopy height

Front 6

Geckos

Back 6

Found in Pandanus leaves and in dead leaves on the ground

Front 7

Hermit crabs

Back 7

Commonly found in forest floor where they hide during the day

Front 8

Ant larvae

Back 8

Found in rotting wood, dead vegetation, under tree bark. Ants will climb over crows when they are eating larvae.

Front 9

Termite larvae

Back 9

Found in rotting wood, dead vegetation, under tree bark.

Front 10

Praying mantis

Back 10

Food item

Front 11

Katydids

Back 11

Orthoptera tettigoniidae

Front 12

Camel crickets

Back 12

Orthopteran grillacrididae; also called leaf rolling crickets are found rolled up in large leaves. Long antennae and no wings

Front 13

Paper wasps

Back 13

Nests are usually in the undersides of small branches or leaves vespidae hymenoptera

Front 14

Foraging behavior

Back 14

Pick bark off branches to look for insects

Front 15

Nesting behavior

Back 15

Bang beaks against live branches as a territorial display. Collect ficus roots and other sticks for nests. Territorial loud calls, growly calls,

Front 16

Nest trees

Back 16

Neisosperma, ficus, elaeocarpus, premna

Front 17

Status: pair

Back 17

Calling, allopreening, mate feeding

Front 18

Status: building

Back 18

Loud calling, quiet nesty chatter or cooing, gathering and carrying sticks or small fibers.

Front 19

Status: pre-lay

Back 19

A pair that is suspected of having a nest but just hanging out, maybe territorial. Both birds seen for long periods of time away from known nest. Copulation. May sit on nest for long periods of time in days before laying but will also spend periods of the day off the nest they do not sleep on the nest until there are eggs.

Front 20

Status: incubating

Back 20

A bird settled low of the nest for long periods of time. 2 consecutive visits of apparent incubation behavior to confirm. Parents often trade off incubating. Nest not left unattended for long. Listen for mate feedings, begging or loud gulping noises. Excessive self preening.

Front 21

Status: nestling

Back 21

One of the parents will brood small nestlingsappearing very much like incubation during the first 1-2 weeks. When nestlings are older, the parents may not sit on the nest but will still act very territorial around the nest. Visits to the nest with food items (look for pouch full or food). Begging coming from nest, hearing a feeding.

Front 22

Status: fledgling

Back 22

Both parents very territorial around empty nest, begging calls, and feedings heard, fledgling seen out of the nest. Nest may be flattened or destroyed by nestlings fledging from the nest

Front 23

Status: failure

Back 23

Nest may be structurally damaged or missing from its location. Pair may be seen away from nest for prolonged periods of time (i.e. hours) after contents was confirmed. Evidence of egg shells or nestling remains under or near the nest tree. Pair is agitated and repeatedly going to the nest and looking in it. No birds present.

Front 24

Foraging substrate

Back 24

Dead wood, bark, foliage/branches, rolled leaves, ground debris, pandanus, substrate not observed

Front 25

crickets and katydids

Back 25

Ensifera

Front 26

Mantids

Back 26

Mantodea

Front 27

Walking sticks

Back 27

Phasmatodea

Front 28

Moths and butterflies

Back 28

Lepidoptera

Front 29

Termite

Back 29

Termitoidae

Front 30

Ant

Back 30

Formicidae

Front 31

Wasps

Back 31

Polistes

Front 32

Black drongo

Back 32

Dicrurus macrocercus

Front 33

Collared kingfisher

Back 33

Todiramphus chloris

Front 34

Philippine turtle dove

Back 34

Streptopelia

Front 35

Telemetry tracking purpose

Back 35

Determine cause of death by collecting carcasses. Secondary goal: collection of spatial, social, and foraging data

Front 36

Pulse rate method

Back 36

Transmitters are equipped with temperature sensors which cause the transmitter to beep at a slower rate if the transmitter is on a dead bird or on the ground when the ambient temperature is cool. By counting the “pulse rate” over a period of exactly one minute, we are able to determine the disposition of the bird.

Front 37

New transmitter application

Back 37

During the first 7 days following transmitter application a visual observation of the crow must be obtained daily. The observation must be long enough to clearly see the tagged individual, and ensure that it is not being negatively affected by the harness (usually around 5-10 minutes).

Front 38

Two pushes rule

Back 38

allows a tracker to occasionally end a tracking session without getting a visual on particularly skittish or flighty radio-tagged bird. A “push” occurs if, while radio-tracking, you get within audio/visual detection range of a crow (determined by signal strength or glimpses of the bird) but it flees from you prior to your confirmation of its ID. If this happens twice in a row, we stop tracking the bird due to potential harassment.

Front 39

Nestling confirming process

Back 39

Once a technician is detected, if the parent birds are distressed, a technician can spend no more than 10 minutes searching for the radio- tagged fledgling. If the fledgling has not been located after 10 minutes, the technician should leave the area, allowing the family group to return to its normal activities, before making a second attempt at observing the fledgling. If the technician is detected a second time, they may once again spend no more than 10 minutes searching for the fledgling before departing the area to avoid undue harassment. In a case where the fledgling could not be observed without undue harassment of the family group, extra care must be taken to ensure the fledgling is observed the next day. If a tracking session is ended to avoid stressing the bird further, the tracker should let a supervisor know so that extra effort can be put into sneaking up on this individual on another day.

Front 40

Mortality checks: pulse rates

Back 40

Pulses are counted for 1 minute, beginning with 0 when the timer is started. Pulse rates must be counted when the ambient temperature is cool; for AM checks should be completed within 30 minutes after sunrise and for PM checks should begin no earlier than 6:15pm. It is possible to do the signal check later in the morning, or earlier in the evening, if it has been raining consistently and overcast. If a tracker is unable to complete pulse rate signal checks for any birds within the time frame listed above, they must get a visual on the bird to determine that it is still alive.

Front 41

Mortality signal

Back 41

If the pulse-rate (BPM) is 2 beats or more below the normal BPM determined for that particular transmitter and the weather has been dry, this is a mortality signal and the crow must be located immediately. However, if it is raining heavily at the time of the signal check, or has been raining heavily prior to the check, then a pulse-rate of 3 beats or more below the normal rate is the cut- off for a mortality signal. Example: if the normal pulse-rate for an individual is 29 and you count a 27, and it has not rained recently, then that bird must be located (and remains collected in the case of a mortality). If it were raining heavily a 27 would not be a mortality signal; a 26 or less would be a mortality signal in this case.

Front 42

Lizards

Back 42

Lacertilia

Front 43

Missing signal

Back 43

missing signal that cannot be located at all after searching all the usual spots for that bird may be a sign of equipment malfunction (e.g. tag battery failure or malfunction of tracking equipment), dispersal, or mortality. Locating the missing signal/bird may take quite a while, so be prepared for a long day. If a signal cannot be located at all after 60 minutes of effort, the technician should notify a supervisor for help.

Front 44

Bird ID

Back 44

Color band combos, left to right, top to bottom

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UB

Back 45

Unbanded

Front 46

ND

Back 46

Not determined

Front 47

Obs type: S

Back 47

Seen

Front 48

Obs type: H

Back 48

Heard

Front 49

Nesty behavior

Back 49

 Calling loudly and aggressively (especially low-pitched growling when approached)

 “Exit calls”, when leaving the nest area on a foraging trip

 bill pounding

 stick throwing

 tearing up branches and leaves

 mate feeding (female will act just like a juvenile, making begging calls and swallowing

calls and flapping wings)

 approaching and acting aggressively towards observer, particularly when observer

approaches a certain place (possibly the nesting area)

 gathering nest material

 carrying food (often seen as a bulge in the sublingual pouch)

Front 50

Confirmed nest

Back 50

However, it can only be confirmed as an active nest if you observe:

 crows actively adding material to the nest,

 an incubating adult,

 an adult feeding nestlings

 eggs or chicks in nest

Front 51

Gecko

Back 51

Gekkonidae

Front 52

Skinks

Back 52

Scincidae

Front 53

Hermit crab

Back 53

Brachyura coenobita

Front 54

Coconut crab

Back 54

Birgus latro

Front 55

Rufous fantail

Back 55

Rhipidura rufifrons

Front 56

Mariana fruit dove

Back 56

Ptilinopus roseicapilla

Front 57

Micronesian starling

Back 57

Aplonis opaca

Front 58

Micronesian honey eater

Back 58

Myzomela rubratra