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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When can milk retention occur? |
Primary causes: idiopathic, low prolactin, disturbed blood circulation, bad diet (alkaloids - colchicine) Secondary: Abnormal shape of tits, trauma of tits, pseudogravidity, small litter |
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what can be a cause of pain in mammary gland, increased temperature and spontaneous drop of milk= |
Milk retention |
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What are causes of hypogalactia/agalactia? |
1. bad dev. mammary gland, premature parturition 2. bad diet (mold - ergotamin decreases secretion of prolactin) 3. Stress or shock --> inhibition of milk ejection due to SAS --> vasocon --> inhibition of transport and release of oxytocin to mammary gland 4. Mastitis, metritis, udder edema |
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When does edema of udder occur physiologically? |
End of pregnancy (especially heifers) |
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What are pathological reasons of edema of udder? |
1. Hypoproteinemia (connected with transport of globulins from blood to milk) 2. Heart insufficiency, CRF 3. Hormonal misbalance in time of parturition -increased aldosterone 4. Thrombus in v. cava caudalis and udder veins 5. Postparturition metritis because of toxins or cytokines) |
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What happens to the milk secretion when theres an edema of the udder? |
Hypogalactia - decreased secretion capacity |
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what are the properties of the udder when there is an edema? |
1. Painless enlargement - local or diffuse. Also enlargement of surrounding (abdomen, vulva) 2. Temperature the same 3. Increased tension in skin - decreases elasticity, fissures |
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Which systems interact when an animal has mastitis? |
Pathogen, host and environment |
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What is sublclinical mastitis? |
decreased secretion of disturbed part |
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how are the parameters in milk changed during subclinical mastitis? |
Increased cells, chlorides and pH Positive NK test, pathogens |
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What are changes in milk during clinical mastitis? |
Sensorial, physical, chemical and bacteriological changes |
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What can cause mastitis? |
Infection by bacteria: Strep, stahphy, mycoplasma et al. Non infectious: physical trauma or by chemicals Predisposition - morphologically, physiologically, immunologically |
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How does a pathogen from the environment cause mastitis? |
1. Goes in through nipple channel and attaches to epithelium 2. Activation of anti-opsonin and anti-phagocytic factors (Leukocidine, protein A..) 3. Toxins production (hyaluronidase, neuraminidase..) 4. Cell damage |
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How does a pathogen from inside the animal cause mastitis? |
Bacteria proliferates, spreads and produces toxins, can damage cells in mammary gland |
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What are internal non-specific factors of the host that attribute to protection against mastitis? |
1.Lysosyme - inhibits G+ bactero cause destruction of peptidoglycans in bacteriall wall 2.Lactoferrin - Binds Fe --> inhibts bacterial growth 3. Lactoperoxidase - inhibtis growth of G+ bacteria 4. Bacterial antagonism - ext. orifice of tit --> colonization by corynebacterium bovis - less pathogens get through 5. Phagocytosis and complement system |
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What are external non-specific factors of the host that attribute to protection against mastitis? |
1. Intact skin and mucosa - Production of keratin in nipple channel 2. Ability to close nipple channel - Decreased during papilomatosis 3. Shape of nipple and nipple channel |
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What are specific factors of the host that attribute to protection against mastitis? |
1. IgG, IgM --> function as opsonins 2. T cells (Th, Tc) 3. Ig from mammary gland - IgA 4. Cytokines - IFN gamma, IL -1, IL-2, TNF alpha |
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What is the role of the environment that attribute to protection against mastitis? |
1. Milking machine - trauma, can serve as vector of pathogens 2. Milking hygiene 3. Diet - if its bad --> lower restistance to pathogens 4. Stabling- should be 8-12°C - but too cold or warm, or bad air draught may predispose to mastitis |
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What kind of sensory evaluation is done to milk? |
Color, consistency, odor, admixtures |
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What laboratory examination is done on milk? |
Proteins, fat, urea, lactose, ketones, Citric acid, minerals |
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What is the NK test? |
Neumann-Kudelka - amplification of somatic cells (leukocytes) + loss of buffering capacity - shift pH to alkaline (turns purple) |
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How many cells in the milk when theres a mild precipitate after NK test? |
100,000 - 300,00 cells/ml |
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When does a gel formation start appearing in milk after NK test? |
when theres 300,000 - 500,000 cells/ml present |
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When does spilling of the doses become more difficult during the NK test? |
When theres 500,000 - 1,500,000 cells/ml of milk |
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When is spilling of the doses not possible during NK test? |
When theres more than 1,500,000 cells/ml --> Severe mastitis |
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When can we see decreased content of proteins in milk? |
1.Deficit of energy in rations (low protein synthesis in rumen) 2. Metabolic disorders (acidosis, ketosis,alkalosis, hypocalcemia) 3. Bad physical condition |
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When can we see increased content of proteins in milk? |
1. Short term - increased energy in ration - increased proteosynthesis in rumen ((Increased N subsances in feed do NOT affect protein content in milk significantly)) |
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When does change in ratio of different proteins in milk occur? |
Decreased cassein and increased globulins + albumins --> mastitis |
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What is normal level of protein in milk? |
31. - 3.8% |
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What is normal level of urea in milk? |
2.5-5.0 mmol/L and in cows with higher milk yield: 4.5 - 5.5mmol/L |
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When does an increase in urea in milk occur? |
Lack of energy with excess of nitrogen compounds, kidney failure, mastitis |
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When does decrease of urea in milk occur? |
Lack of proteins, severe hepatopathy |
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What is normal level of fat in cows milk? |
3.5-5.5% |
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When can we see decreased content of fat in milk? |
Rumen acidosis |
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When can we see increased content of fat in milk? |
Temporarily in dairy cows with subclinical ketosis |
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When do we see ketones in milk? |
Ketosis, hyperketonemia (negative energy balance) |
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What kind of tumors of the mammary gland do we usually see in bitches? |
Mostly benign: FIBROADENOMAS some malignant: Carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, sarcoma |
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What tumors of the mammary gland do we usually see in cats? |
Mostly malignant: ADENOCARCINOMAS with high metastatic activity |
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What can we do to prevent tumors of the mammary gland? |
Early castration |
