Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
The three accessory glands in the male produce what?
|
A collective secretion called seminal fluid.
|
|
|
What are the three accessory glands?
|
1. A pair of seminal vesicles which secrete most of this, 2. the prostate gland, adds a milky substance, 3. the bulbourethral glands contribute the smallest amount.
|
|
|
Which cells secrete testosterone?
|
The interstitial cells.
|
|
|
What is a simplified pathway of the male ductal system for the travel of sperm?
|
Seminiferous tubules--Rete testis---Efferent ductules---Epididymus---Ductus Deferens---Ejaculatory duct--- Urethra.
(Some Really Elderly Elelphants Dont Even Urinate. (SREEDEU) |
|
|
What are the three tubes of connective tissue?
|
The 2 corpora cavernosa, constitute the bulk of the penis and rest on top of the corpus spongiosum.
|
|
|
App. how long does spermatogenesis take?
|
About 2 to 21/2 months to complete. It begins near the outer portion of the sem. tubules, and proceeds toward the center. The completed sperm cells are released into the lumen of these ducts.
|
|
|
Is there a hormone that regulates spermatogenesis?
|
Yes. Testosterone, secreted by the interstitial cells, or cells of Leydig.
|
|
|
What are Sustentacular cells?
|
These cells, also referred to as Sertoli cells, compose the walls of the seminiferous tubules.
|
|
|
What do these cells do?
|
They support and nourish the developing sperm, control the movement of these cells, remove wastes, produce the fluid that fills the lumen of the sem. tubules.
|
|
|
How is each sustentacular cell adjoined?
|
Very tightly to one another by tight junctions that are like rivets that anchoe cell membranes together. This seal helps maintain the blood testis barrier.
|
|
|
What are two important functions of the blood testis barrier?
|
1. Protects developing sperm cells from harmful substances, by preventing proteins and large molecules in the blood from coming in direct contact with developing sperm cells.
2. It prevents the immune system from being exposed to sperm cell antigens not found on any other body cells. If this occurred, this might cause the immune system to destroy the sperm cells as potentially foriegn antigens. |
|
|
What is a spermatogonium?
|
It is a stem cell found in the outer wall of the seminiferous tubules within the testes.
|
|
|
What does the spermatogonium undergo?
|
Mitosis, to produce 2 new copies of itself. One remains in the outer wall as a new spermatogonium, and the other differentiates into a slightly larger cell called a primary spermatocyte.
|
|
|
The spermatogonium contains the total number or diploid(2n) number of chromosomes. TRUE/FALSE
|
TRUE. It has 46 chromosomes found in all cells of the body.
|
|
|
What happens to the primary spermatocyte?
|
It enters a meiotic process, in which a cell undergoes 2 cell divisions to produce 4 final cells, each possessing half the number of chromosomes as the original cell.
|
|
|
What is the purpose of meiosis?
|
To produce gametes,(sperm or ova).
|
|
|
What is meant by reduction division?
|
Because the total chromosome number is reduced by half, meiosis is referred to as reduction division.
|
|
|
What happens to the primary spermatocyte?
|
It divides to produce 2 secondary spermatocytes. Each of these cells has a set of 23 replicated chromosomes.
|
|
|
What happens to each secondary spermatocyte?
|
These undergo a second cell division to produce 2 new spermatids. Four total spermatids are produced, each containing the haploid number(n) or 23 chromosomes.
|
|
|
What happens to the spermatids?
|
These develop into spermatozoa.(sperm cells)
|
|
|
What is the purpose of meiosis?
|
To produce gametes,(sperm or ova).
|
|
|
What is meant by reduction division?
|
Because the total chromosome number is reduced by half, meiosis is referred to as reduction division.
|
|
|
What happens to the primary spermatocyte?
|
It divides to produce 2 secondary spermatocytes. Each of these cells has a set of 23 replicated chromosomes.
|
|
|
What happens to each secondary spermatocyte?
|
These undergo a second cell division to produce 2 new spermatids. Four total spermatids are produced, each containing the haploid number(n) or 23 chromosomes.
|
|
|
What happens to the spermatids?
|
These develop into spermatozoa.(sperm cells)
|
|
|
What is spermiogenesis?
|
This is the last part of the spermatogenesis process. Each spermatid is transformed into a sperm cell.
|
|
|
What are considered three highlights of the above process?
|
Acrosome formation
Mitochondrial reproduction Flagellum formation. |
|
|
Does the acrosome contain enzymes?
|
Yes. It is the sac that covers the head of the sperm, and has digestive enzymes used to penetrate the outer portion of the ova.
|
|
|
What do the mitochondria do?
|
They self replicate and form a spiral around the neck of the sperm cell. They supply the needed energy and ATP the sperm require.
|
|
|
What is the. flagellum formation?
|
The centrioles from the microtubules that make up the flagellum
|
|
|
What is GnRH?
|
The hypothalamus secretes this. It is a peptide. It is released in regular bursts every 60-90 min. Once in the blood it targets cells within the anterior lobe of the pituitary which has receptors for GnRH.
|
|
|
What happens as a result of the binding of GnRH?
|
It induces a response in these cells which is to make 2 gonadotropin hormones. FSH and LH. These travel in the blood and travel to their receptor targets.
|
|
|
What does FSH target?
|
The sustentacular cells within the walls of the seminiferous tubules in the testes.
It also induces these cells to secrete 2 proteins, Androgen Binding Protein(ABP) and inhibin. |
|
|
What happens with LH?
|
It binds to receptors on the interstitial cells located between the seminiferous tubules. LH induces these cells to produce testosterone, which has many targets. It is responsible for the males secondary sex characteristic.
|
|
|
Does Testosterone bind with ABP?
|
Yes. It forms a complex. This complex induces the spermatogenic cells to develop into sperm cells. These new sperm cells are released into the lumen of the semi. tubules
|
|
|
How is negative feedback induced?
|
By the hormone inhibin, by the sustentacular cells. It has the same effect on the hypothalamus and pituitary as did testosterone. Once these levels fall, the cycle rebegins.
|
