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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Timbrel Vaulting |
A.K.A. - Masonry vault - Catalan Vault - tiled vault - laminated vault - flat vault - layered vault |
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Timbrel Vaulting |
-Method of producing arches, domes, vaults, etc. from masonry units (bricks, tiles, etc.) - this method was revolutionary for the 14th cent - when compared to traditional vaulting, tile vaulting uses much less material and can be built much more quickly. - differs substantially from the Roman method of arch building, which relies on gravity. |
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Timbrel Vaulting |
- Roman vault consists of a single layer of thick, wedge-shaped stones. - timbrel vault is self supporting - minimal to no framework needed |
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Santa Maria del Fiore - Duomo in Florence - Ross King |
- Height of 376' and diameter meant impossible to support from floor - centering / temporary support rested on the walls - the dome included herringbone brick construction - some temporary, light shiftable formwork at the beginning of the job |
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Catalonia Vaults |
developed by moorish builders near Valencia Spain, though it quickly spread to become common trhoughout the mediterranean region - built up unit by unit |
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Catalonian Vaults |
- one layer of bricks - each unit bonded to the previous one unit until it forms a continuous surface. - mortar is 2 parts quick lime, 1 part cement and 4 parts sand - "Hot Bricks" - dried in the sun so they stuck in the mortar |
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Catalonian Vaults |
- at the end of the 19th century, and the beginning of the 20th, the timbrel vault was rediscovered by the Catalonian architects of the Modernisme Movement - Celler Cooperatiu de Pinell de Brai by Cesar Martinell - ordinary construction, strong floors for storage |
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Guastavino Vault |
- most masterworks of Catalan vaults are in the US, Guastavino's family imported the method |
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Rafael Guastavino |
- born 1842 Valencia, improved cents. old techn. and renamed it "cohesive construction" - he improved the mortar by using rapid hardening Portland Cement - allowed him to build vaults 3 to 5 times wider than typical timbrel arching |
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Rafael Guastavino |
- came to US in 1880 - worked for 50 years - more than 1000 domes, ceilings, vaults and stairs - Ellis Island Immigration Hall -- only 17 out of 28,832 tiles needed replacement in 1980s restoration |
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Guastavino Vaults |
- largest dome created by his company was the central crossing for the Cathedral of St. John the Divine in Manhattan - 100ft in diameter and 160' high |
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Guastavino Vaults |
- popular because it was economic - by building out from a wall in successive arcs, tile vaulting can be constructed with minimal to no formwork - enables wider spans and gentler curves - improves of the efficiency of the Catalan vaults - workers simply stood on the work of the day before |
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Guastavino Vaults |
- tiles are joined together with Plaster of Paris, which sets quickly enough that the interior of the vault doesnt require any support from below during construction - because the thin bricks are laid flat, with their narrow edges in contact, the total thickness of the vault is less than conventional masonry |
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Guastavino Vaults |
- self weight and corresponding horizontal thrust values are reduced - if just 1 layer of thin tiles was used, it would collapse. but adding 2 or 3 layers makes the resulting shell almost as strong as reinforced concrete - offered similar properties to reinforced concrete, but without the use of steel |
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Guastavino Vaults |
- Fireproof - Santa Maria del Mar in Barcelona burned for 11 days during Spanish Civil War, did not collapse - "Gustavino Fireproof Construction Company" - Resistant to vermin - sound insulating - flood resistant |
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Guastavino Vaults |
- rising labor costs and the arrival of steel and concrete building methods made the technique virtually obselete. - however some building have maintained the tradition of the timbrel Vault |
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Ballet School in Havanna Cuba - 61-65 |
- Political implications; locally made of bricks, response to trade embargo by "The West" - contradiction to the Capitalist International Style - building material was scarce, and labor was plentiful - the knowledge was delivered by a former mason Antoni Gaudi |
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Ballet School in Havanna Cuba 61-65 |
- Scarcity of materials is still an issue in Cuba, and becoming an issue around the world. - Ricardo Porro, Robero Gottardi Architects |
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Mapungubwe Interpretation Center |
- Limpopo Valley maybe one of the most remote and isolated places in South Africa - Limpopo and Shashe Rivers - Peter Rich Architects - Ceremonial Center of the Mapungubwe civilization - the rocky landscape is a result of geological events that reshaped the area |
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Mapungubwe Interpretation Center |
- Mapungubwe civilization produced historical artifacts that show the brilliance of this civilization and its commercial links to Egypt and Asia - building focused on its integration into the natural landscape of the park - situated on the side of a mesa - Post-Apartheid recognition and world heritage site |
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Mapungubwe Interpretation Center |
- educational importance of heritage that had been halted - understanding of the importance of Mapungubwe in this region - approach over intermittent stream |
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Mapungubwe Interpretation Center |
- the use of vaulting and other "forms found in nature" inspired by the dramatic landscpae avoids any overt references to any potentially controversial tribal vernacular (the area has many contesting land claims between different tribal groups) - 10 free-form vaults - largest of which spans 14.5 meters - program just laid on the site |
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Mapungubwe Interpretation Center |
- 700 year-old vaulting system from the Mediterranean - vaults are footed on thick sandstone in compression - 30 cm (16") thick - Earth tiles are used instead of fired clay tiles - Made of thin non-fired stabilized earth - simple hand press to manufacture tiles of sufficient strength for vaulting |
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Mapungubwe Interpretation Center |
-while stabilized earth has a well-established tradition with close links to sustainability it is unusual in double curvature - demonstration of the possibilities of integrating architectural, social, engineering and enviornmental ideals. The first tile vaults built in S. Africa were a series of small test vaults to each locals the technique |
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Mapungubwe Interpretation Center |
- The Department of Environment and Tourism (DEAT) provided funding to SANParks for poverty relief, meaning a certain percentage of jobs had to be created for unskilled unemployed laborers. -Train unemployed women to produce earth bricks - fabrication sequence; thin tiles assembled with fast setting gypsum mortar |
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Mapungubwe Interpretation Center |
- double curved structure that used little formwork -geometrical guide work only to define the shape - the rapid set of the mortar and the structural shape allows the mason to span between guide |
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Mapungubwe Interpretation Center |
- typical vault is 3-4 layers of tile thick with the first layer bonded by gypsum mortar and subsequent layers with Portland Cement |
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Mapungubwe Interpretation Center |
- the client, SANParks, managed the process of tile-making in the year prior to construction of the vaults using government poverty-relief funding, while the guide work carpentry and vault masonry construction was managed by the general contractor. In both construction processes low income, low skilled and unemployed local labor was used |
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Mapungubwe Interpretation Center |
- Barrel vaults used as formwork for slabs - lack of steel reinforcement simplifies construction - by using thin tile vaults instead of reinforced concrete at Mapungubwe, we saved an estimated 9 cubic meters of steel -lowers cost and reduces embodied energy |
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Mapungubwe Interpretation Center |
-Using local earth bricks instead of fired clay saved the energy that would have been used to fire over 200,000 tiles - labor intensive construction reduced polluting machinery with small format construction methods that have minimal impact on the surrounding environment -tile-vaults were est. to be 30% cheaper than concrete |
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Mapungubwe Interpretation Center |
- It turned out to be difficult to source carpentry skills to work at the remote site. - the formwork to build equivalent shaped structures in concrete would be very expensive to make. -The Centre's heavy weight and exposed construction has significant passive environmental benefits |
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Mapungubwe Interpretation Center |
- Thermal conductivity is low - delayed thermal mass allows structure to radiate heat at night and cold during the day - here the exposed, thick construction absorbs thermal shock and acts as a radiant surface, transmitting the "coolth" from the nighttime ambient temperatures over the day |
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Mapungubwe Interpretation Center |
- displacement ventilation system introducing tempered air (cooled from the ground) allows air to rise naturally as it heats to be expelled at the apex of the vaults - the vaulted forms allow natural light to penetrate deeply into the building, further reducing energy costs |
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Mapungubwe Interpretation Center |
- the building not only cost atleast 30% less than a conventional solution but benefits the local population through using predominantly local labor with the added benefit of a tangible skills transfer. - from an engineering perspective, computational techniques are used to determine the structural geometries -parabolic forms |
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Mapungubwe Interpretation Center |
- low stress in compression, high hori. stress -lateral thrust of the vaults is highest across the "eyebrow" -concrete structure and slabs, sandstone walls - steel tension ties in the buttresses -brick walls, with aluminium window - recycled plastic sheets used for glazing -extensive use of bamboo and recycled materials |
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Mapungubwe Interpretation Center |
- The vaults become more stable with greater load on them -stone that had to be removed from the site was broken into smaller pieces and used as ballast providing protection to the waterproofing layer, helping the building blend into the surrounding landscape, and ensuring that gravity loads are dominant over wind loads |
