M1 Gen Physio Lab

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building blocks of the body and life, providing structure for the body’s tissues and organs, ingesting nutrients and converting them to energy, and performing specialized functions.

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Cells

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also contain the body’s hereditary code that controls the substances synthesized by the cells and permits them to make copies of themselves.

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Cells

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Deals with the cell’s functions (and parts)

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Cellular physiology

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There are smaller particles compared to cells. But these do not undergo the processes that sustain life.

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Cellular physiology

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When we ingest nutrients, we take in food or eat

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Ingestion

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Conversion of nutrients into a simpler form.

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Digestion

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Will then be converted into energy (aerobic cellular respiration where ATP is synthesized).

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Digestion

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Body’s hereditary code.

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DNA

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Controls substances synthesized by the cells (e.g. melanin)

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DNA

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Blueprint of inheritance.

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DNA

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The process of distributing genetic material.

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Mitosis

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Named in the late 19th century by Walther Flemming, who noticed threadlike structures in cells during cell division.

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Mitosis

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Cell division for somatic body cells.

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Mitosis

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Complete set of chromosomes in mitosis

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46 each cell

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Cell division for reproductive cells like gametes.

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Meiosis

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Haploid (23 each cell).

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Meosis

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When a sperm cell and egg cell unite, and undergo fertilization, an individual will be formed which will give the individual a complete set of chromosomes. How many?

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23 + 23 = 46 chromosomes

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The principal fluid medium of the cell.

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Water

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provide inorganic chemicals for cellular reactions and are necessary for the operation of some cellular control mechanisms.

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Ions

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Provides structure and strength to the body.

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Protein

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Present in the cell mainly in the form of long filaments that are polymers of many individual protein molecules.

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Structural protein

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A prominent use of such intracellular filaments is to form microtubules, which provide the cytoskeletons of cellular organelles such as cilia, nerve axons, the mitotic spindles of cells undergoing mitosis, and a tangled mass of thin filamentous tubules that hold the parts of the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm together in their respective compartments.

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Structural protein

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Found outside the cell, especially in the collagen and elastin fibers of connective tissue, and elsewhere, such as in blood vessel walls, tendons, and ligaments.

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Fibrillar protein

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Usually composed of combinations of a few molecules in tubular-globular form.

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Functional protein

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Mainly the enzymes of the cell and, in contrast to the fibrillar proteins, are often mobile in the cell fluid.

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Function protein

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Provide energy for the body.

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Lipids

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Are several types of substances that are grouped together because of their common property of being soluble in fat solvents.

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Lipids

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are mainly insoluble in water and therefore are used to form the cell membrane and intracellular membrane barriers that separate the different cell compartments.

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Phospholipids & cholesterol

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Nourish the body.

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Carbohydrates

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Have little structural function in the cell except as parts of glycoprotein molecules

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Carbohydrates

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Play a major role in cell nutrition

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Carbohydrates

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Highly organized physical structures the cell contains.

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Intracellular organelles

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The pinching in of the cell membrane, and eventual split of the membrane and its contents into two daughter cells.

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Cytokinesis

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Occurs about the same time (or just after) the last phases of mitosis.

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Cytokinesis

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What phase whereas the cell increases in size. Cellular contents duplicated

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G1 phase

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What phase DNA replication and has each of the 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) is replicated by the cell.

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S phase

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What phase Cell grows more and the Organelles and proteins develop in preparation for cell division.

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G2 phase

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What phase the mitosis followed by cytokinesis (cell separation). Has Formation of two identical daughter cells.

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M phase

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While some cells are constantly dividing, some cell types are at rest.

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GO phase

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These cells may exit G1 and

enter a resting state called __

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G0

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A 4-stage process consisting of Gap 1 (G1), Synthesis, Gap 2 (G2) and mitosis.

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Cell cycle

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Can be divided into five phases:

1. Interphase

2. Prophase

3. Metaphase

4. Anaphase

5. Telophase

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Life cycle

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The length of time between divisions, and the time required for division to take place, varies considerably from cell to cell.

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Life cycle

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The stages in the cell cycle between one mitosis and the next, which include G1, S and G2

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Interphase

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Not a phase of mitosis, but is the period between cell divisions.

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Interphase

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The first phase of mitosis.

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Prophase

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The nuclear membrane disappears, freeing the chromatin (which first shortens into tiny bodies called chromosomes).

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Prophase

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The spindle fibers extend toward the equator of the cell and may overlap with spindle fibers projecting from the opposite centriole pair.

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Prophase

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The period during which the chromosomes (each a pair of replicate chromatids joined at a centromere) arrange themselves singly as a thin sheet along the cell’s equator (imaginary center plane).

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Metaphase

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The phase during which the chromatids split at the centromere, each moving toward an opposite pole along the path of a spindle fiber.

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Anaphase

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At the end of anaphase, each pole of the cell has a full group of ___

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46 single chromosomes.

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The separate (but concurrent) process of cytokinesis begins.

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Anaphase

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The time during which each side of the cell changes everything to the way it should be during interphase:

- A nuclear membrane forms around each group of chromosomes.

- The chromosomes uncoil to form long chromatin strands.

- Remnants of the spindle fibers disintegrate.

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Telophase

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Each daughter cell has a nucleus and roughly half of the cytoplasm and organelles of the parent cell.

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Telophase